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| A Systematic Approach to In Situ Bioremediation in Groundwater, Including Decision Trees for In Situ Bioremediation of Nitrates, Carbon Tetrachloride, and Perchlorate
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This document, which was prepared by ITRC, provides guidance for the systematic characterization, evaluation, design, and testing efforts associated with implementing in situ bioremediation (ISB) for a biotreatable contaminant. It serves as guidance for regulators, consultants, responsible parties, and stakeholders when an ISB technology is being considered. This document presents decision trees for reviewing, planning, evaluating, and approving ISB systems for the saturated subsurface and defines site parameters and appropriate ranges of criteria for characterization, testing, design, and monitoring efforts. The information provided in this document will support ISB evaluation.
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| A User's Guide to Environmental Immunochemical Analysis
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Developed by EPA's ORD, the document facilitates transfer of immunochemical methods for the analysis of environmental contaminants to the environmental analytical chemistry laboratory. Field personnel who may have a need to employ a measurement technology at a monitoring site also may find this manual helpful. The document instructs the reader in the use and application of immunochemical methods of analysis for environmental contaminants. It includes a general troubleshooting guide, along with specific instructions for certain analytes. The guide is written in a manner that allows the user to apply the information presented to immunoassays that are not discussed in the manual.
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| Adaptive Sampling and Analysis Program (ASAP), ANL
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Developed by the Environmental Assessment Division (EAD) of ANL, an adaptive sampling and analysis program (ASAP) is an expedited approach to collecting data in support of hazardous waste site characterization and remediation. ASAPs rely on "real-time" data collection techniques and in-field decision-making to keep data collection as inexpensive, focused, and efficient as possible. The Web site provides links to related fact sheets and identifies sites where the ASAP approach has been successfully used.
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| Air Sparging Design Paradigm
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This design guidance resulted from research and development efforts sponsored by the U.S. Air Force Armstrong Laboratory and the U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Research Center and from field research and data analysis conducted by Battelle Memorial Institute, Arizona State University, Oregon Graduate Institute, Parsons Engineering-Science, and Colorado State University. The guidance provides details on air sparging principles; site characterization; pilot testing; system design, installation, and operation; and system monitoring. Use of the design paradigm is illustrated in descriptions of field studies and by using the results of controlled physical model studies. The guidance is organized in sections that provide an overview of air sparging in general and the specific design paradigm followed by a discussion of site characterization, air sparging application, pilot testing, and system design and monitoring.
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Air Sparging: Technology Transfer and Multi-Site Evaluation
CU-9808
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Developed by ESTCP, this document presents an evaluation of the Air Sparging Design Paradigm implemented at 10 field sites. The goal of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the paradigm and to modify it as necessary based on the results of the evaluation. The document explains the technology and demonstration design and provides an assessment of the performance and cost of the technology in field applications.
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Analysis of Selected Enhancements for Soil Vapor Extraction
EPA 542-R-97-007
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The report provides an engineering analysis of and status report on, selected enhancements for SVE treatment technologies. The report is intended to assist project managers who are considering an SVE treatment system by providing them with an up-to-date report on the status of enhancement technologies in an evaluation of each technology's applicability to various site conditions, a presentation of cost and performance information, a list of vendors that specialize in the technologies, a discussion of the relative strengths and limitations of the technologies, recommendations of factors to be kept in mind when considering the enhancements, and a compilation of references. The five enhancement technologies discussed in the report are air sparging, dual-phase extraction, directional drilling, pneumatic and hydraulic fracturing, and thermal enhancement.
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| Analysis of State Superfund Programs: 50-State Study, 2001 Update
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The report, which was prepared by the Environmental Law Institute (ELI) in association with EPA, provides an analytical overview of state Superfund programs and includes information about statutes, program staffing and organization, sites, cleanup activities, cleanup policies and standards, requirements for public participation, funding and expenditures, and enforcement tools. The report also discusses the voluntary remediation and Brownfields Programs established by the states and presents detailed program information arranged in tables that facilitate comparisons among the states. A copy of the report can be downloaded from ELI's Web site at www.eli.org; the report can be found under the topic "Contaminated Sites" under "Research Reports" in the ELI Store section of the site.
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| Application Guide for Bioslurping - Volume 1
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This application guide, which was developed by Battelle for NFESC, is presented in two volumes. Volume I provides principles and practices of bioslurping to assist project managers in preliminary decision-making. Based on Volume I, a site manager may determine whether this technology is feasible for a site contaminated with light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL).
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| Application Guide for Bioslurping - Volume 2
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This application guide, which was developed by Battelle for the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC), is presented in two volumes. Volume I provides principles and practices of bioslurping to assist project managers in preliminary decision-making, and Volume II contains a detailed description of the bioslurper system; testing procedures; system design, installation, operation, and monitoring; and an approach for site closure.
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| Application of Field-Based Characterization Tools in the Waterfront Voluntary Setting
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This report investigates the reasons voluntary action to redevelop potentially contaminated property is subject to market constraints and other pressures that differ vastly from those that affect corrective action programs. It sets forth in detail the current level of application of field-based characterization tools at 115 waterfront brownfields sites and sites being addressed under VCP programs.
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| Archived Internet Seminars
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Through the CLU-IN Web site, EPA has presented numerous Internet Seminars covering a wide variety of technical topics related to hazardous waste characterization, monitoring, and remediation. For each seminar topic, EPA has selected the highest-quality offerings and placed them in archives that are accessible on the site. The seminars are Web-based slide presentations with an accompanying audio portion. Examples of archived seminars include the following:
Application of Transport Optimization Codes to Groundwater Pump-and-Treat Systems;
Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring - Parts 1 and 2;
Dynamic Data Collection Strategy Using Systematic Planning and Innovative Field-Based Measurement Technologies;
In Situ Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated with Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid (NAPL) Contamination: Fundamentals and Case Studies (In Situ Chemical Oxidation);
In Situ Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated with NAPL Contamination: Fundamentals and Case Studies (NAPL Characterization and Related Cleanup Issues).
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Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil, Waste, and Water
EPA 542-R-02-042
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This report, which was prepared by EPA, contains current information on treatment technologies for wastes and environmental media containing arsenic. The intended audience for the report includes hazardous waste site managers, generators and treaters of arsenic-contaminated waste and wastewater, owners and operators of drinking water treatment plants, regulators, and the interested public. The report summarizes information on 13 technologies used to treat arsenic, identifies sites and facilities where arsenic treatment has been used, and provides references to more detailed arsenic treatment information.
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Assessing Contractor Capabilities for Streamlined Site Investigations
EPA 542-R-00-001
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Developed by EPA's BTSC, the resource will assist decision-makers on brownfields projects in evaluating the capabilities of contractors who are being considered to perform work in support of site investigations. The resource also identifies potential activities that contractors can perform to enhance the site investigation process through innovative approaches. A comprehensive series of questions that decision-makers can use in interviewing contractors and evaluating those contractors' qualifications is presented, followed by information about the relevance of the questions and potential answers to them.
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| Assessment of Phytoremediation as an In-Situ Technique for Cleaning Oil-Contaminated Sites
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The document, which is based on a review of the relevant literature, provides examples of the phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons and discusses the key mechanisms of that process, as well as the special considerations involved in phytoremediation of petrochemicals. The document also discusses the benefits, limitations, and costs of phytoremediation, compared with alternative approaches, including natural attenuation, engineering, and bioremediation.
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ASTM Standard Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected Petroleum Releases
E1912-98(2004)
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Developed by ASTM, the guide describes accelerated site characterization (ASC), a process used to rapidly and accurately characterize confirmed or suspected releases of petroleum. The guide provides a framework that responsible parties, contractors, consultants, and regulators can use to streamline and accelerate site characterization. The guide is available at a cost and can be ordered online at www.astm.org.
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ASTM Standard Guide for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Process
E1903-97(2002)
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Developed by ASTM, the guide discusses a framework for employing good commercial and customary practices in the United States during Phase II environmental site assessments of commercial property with respect to the potential presence of a range of contaminants within the scope of CERCLA as well as petroleum products. The guide, which is available at a cost, can ordered online at www.astm.org.
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ASTM Standard Guide for Process of Sustainable Brownfields Development
E1984-03(2003)
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The guide, which was developed by ASTM, discusses redevelopment of a brownfields property and is intended for all stakeholders. It identifies impediments to such redevelopment and suggests solutions that can facilitate completion of a successful project. It describes a flexible process of sustainable brownfields redevelopment that actively engages property owners, developers, government agencies, and the community in conducting corrective action, economic evaluation, and other efforts that promote the long-term productive reuse of a brownfields property. The guide, which is available at a cost, can be ordered online at www.astm.org.
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ASTM Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites
E1739-95e1(2003)
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The purpose of the guide is to define RBCA as a process for assessing and responding to a petroleum release in a manner that ensures the protection of human health and the environment. The guide will assist brownfields decision-makers who wish to become familiar with another approach that can be used to assess environmental risk at a site, in conformity with applicable federal, state, local, and tribal regulations. The diversity and flexibility of a RBCA approach is defined and discussed, and the tiered approach of the process is summarized. Although the RBCA process is not limited to a particular site, the guide emphasizes the use of RBCA in response to releases of petroleum. Examples of RBCA applications also are provided. The guide, which is available at a cost, can be ordered online at www.astm.org.
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ASTM Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process
E1527-00(2003)
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The purpose of the practice, which was developed by ASTM, is to define commercial and customary practices in the United States for conducting Phase I environmental site assessments of commercial real estate with respect to the range of contaminants within the scope of CERCLA, as well as petroleum products. Research and reporting requirements also are identified. The practice, which is available at a cost, can be ordered online at www.astm.org.
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| Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Groundwater
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The report is intended to provide a basic summary of in situ treatment technologies for groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents. It includes information gathered from a range of currently available sources, including project documents, reports, periodicals, Internet searches, and personal communication with parties involved in the use of the technologies.
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| Breaking Barriers to the Use of Innovative Technologies: State Regulatory Role in Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Characterization Technology Selection
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The report, which was published in 2000 by the ITRC, contains an analysis of case studies from states having experience in remediating UXO-contaminated sites. The report supports early and meaningful state regulatory involvement in the selection of innovative UXO characterization and remediation technologies. The report also offers recommendations to ensure the appropriate participation of states in the selection of technologies for characterizing and remediating UXO-contaminated sites.
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| Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology Support Center
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EPA established BTSC to ensure that brownfields decision-makers are aware of the full range of technologies available for conducting site assessments and cleanup actions and can make informed decisions for their sites. The center helps government decision-makers evaluate strategies to streamline the site assessment and cleanup process, identify and review information about complex technology options, evaluate contractor capabilities and recommendations, explain complex technologies to communities, and plan technology demonstrations. BTSC is coordinated through EPA's OSRTI and works through EPA's ORD laboratories. The center works closely with EPA's Office of Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment and in partnership with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). Localities can submit requests for assistance:
Through their EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinator
Online at www.brownfieldstsc.org
By calling 1 (877) 838-7220 (toll free)
For more information about BTSC, contact Dan Powell of EPA's OSRTI at (703) 603-7196 or powell.dan@epa.gov.
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Brownfields Handbook: How to Manage Federal Environmental Liability Risks
EPA 330-B-01-001
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In November 1998, EPA issued "The Handbook of Tools for Managing Federal Superfund Liability Risks at Brownfields and Other Sites." The handbook provided a compilation of tools and a discussion of how to use them for evaluating the benefits of reusing a brownfields property. The updated edition of the handbook published in November 2002 summarizes the tools available to clarify and address barriers to site cleanup and reuse posed by RCRA. In addition, the handbook summarizes the tools and initiatives that have been implemented since 1995. These include the Superfund Redevelopment Initiative (SRI), the UST-related initiatives, RCRA reforms, and improvements in the prospective purchaser agreement process. The handbook also provides updated lists of brownfields policies and guidance documents and EPA contacts. An electronic copy of the handbook is available at www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/cleanup/brownfields/handbook. In addition, this site contains policies and guidance documents issued since the publication of the 2002
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Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and Evaluating Proposals that Encourage Innovative Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup
EPA 542-R-01-005
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BTSC prepared this primer to assist site owners, project managers, and others preparing RFPs to solicit support in conducting activities to investigate and clean up contaminated sites. It is specifically intended to assist those individuals in writing specifications that encourage contractors and technology vendors to propose options for using innovative characterization and remediation technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also provides information, from a technology perspective, to guide review teams in their evaluations of proposals and the selection of qualified contractors.
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Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup
EPA 542-R-01-006
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BTSC developed this document to provide an educational tool for site owners, project managers, and regulators to help evaluate the applicability of the phytoremediation process at brownfields sites. The primer explains the types of biological processes involved in phytoremediation; provides examples of the sites and contaminants where phytoremediation has been applied; and discusses technical considerations in selecting and designing phytoremediation systems, activities necessary to operate and maintain phytoremediation systems, and examples of estimated potential cost savings from using phytoremediation versus more conventional treatment processes. The primer also provides a comprehensive list of other resources that are available to assist decision-makers in evaluating phytoremediation as an option for cleaning up contaminated sites.
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Brownfields Technology Primer: Using the Triad Approach to Streamline Brownfields Site Assessment and Cleanup
EPA 542-B-03-002
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This document, which was prepared by EPA's BTSC, provides an educational tool for site owners, project managers, and regulators to help streamline assessment and cleanup activities at brownfields sites. The primer also discusses strategies to reduce costs, decrease time frames, positively affect regulatory and community acceptance, and improve the economics of redevelopment at brownfields sites. The primer is organized in three sections: an introduction; a description of the three elements of the Triad approach, with examples describing the use of each element; and a discussion of the role of the technical team in managing a project, procurement considerations when a project is being planned, and decision-support software and other tools that are available to help brownfields site managers.
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| Brownfields: A Comprehensive Guide to Redeveloping Contaminated Property, Second Edition
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The book, which was published by the American Bar Association (ABA), is aimed at an audience of real estate and environmental attorneys, property owners and developers, environmental regulators and consultants, and state and local government leaders. The book provides an overview of and background information about brownfields issues as well as explanations of the federal and state laws governing brownfields. Legal, business, financial, and political issues associated with redeveloping contaminated property also are addressed. The book presents the scientific concepts used to clean up contaminated property, describing risk assessment and remediation strategies. Comprehensive information about state voluntary cleanup programs also is provided. Originally published in 1997, the Second Edition of this book was released in 2002. The book can be purchased through ABA's Web site at www.abanet.org or at bookstores across the country. The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) for the book is 1-57073-961-7.
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Capstone Report on the Application, Monitoring, and Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers for Ground-Water Remediation: Volume 1
EPA 600-R-03-045a
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This report, which was developed by EPA, discusses geochemical and microbiological processes within zero-valent iron PRBs that may contribute to changes in iron reactivity over time and decreases in reaction zone permeability. Two full-scale PRBs are evaluated in this report. Detailed water sampling and analysis, core sampling, and solid-phase characterization studies were carried out to: (1) evaluate spatial and temporal trends in contaminant concentrations and key geochemical parameters, (2) characterize the type and nature of surface precipitates forming over time in the reactive barriers, and (3) identify the type and extent of microbiological activity within and around the reactive barriers.
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Capstone Report on the Application, Monitoring, and Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers for Ground-Water Remediation: Volume 2
EPA 600-R-03-045b
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This report, which was developed by EPA, discusses soil and groundwater sampling methods and procedures used to evaluate the long-term performance of PRBs at two sites: one in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, and the other one in Denver Federal Center near Lakewood, Colorado. Both PRBs were installed in 1996 and have been monitored and studied since their installation to determine their continued effectiveness in removing contaminants from groundwater. The report points out that an effective monitoring program requires appropriate soil and groundwater sampling techniques.
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Catalog of EPA Materials on USTs
EPA 510-B-00-001
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The booklet provides an annotated list of UST materials and includes ordering information. Many of the informational leaflets, booklets, videos, and software items listed are designed to provide UST owners and operators with information to help them comply with the federal UST requirements.
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Characterization of Mine Leachates and the Development of a Ground-Water Monitoring Strategy for Mine Sites
EPA 600-R-99-007
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The objective of the research project was to develop a better understanding of the composition of mine waste leachates and to identify cost-effective groundwater monitoring parameters that could be incorporated into a monitoring strategy to reliably detect the migration of contaminants from hard-rock mining operations.
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| Citizen's Guides to Understanding Innovative Treatment Technologies
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The guides are prepared by EPA to provide site managers with nontechnical outreach materials that they can share with communities in the vicinity of sites. The guides present information on innovative technologies that have been selected or applied at some cleanup sites, provide overviews of the technologies, and present success stories about sites at which innovative technologies have been applied. Both English and Spanish versions of the guides are available. The guides contain information on the following subjects:
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Clarifying DQO Terminology Usage to Support Modernization of Site Cleanup Practices
EPA 542-R-01-014
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This report, which was developed by EPA, addresses the need to clarify DQO terminology use in order to support modernization of environmental restoration activities. The document presents a basic conceptual understanding of DQO-related terms in a way that facilitates systematic project planning in the context of site cleanups. A list of descriptions of DQO-related terms and concepts appears first in the report, followed by a more detailed discussion of the interrelationships among the concepts.
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| Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World Wide Web (CLU-IN)
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The Internet site, which was developed by EPA, provides information about innovative treatment technologies and site characterization technologies to the hazardous waste remediation community. CLU-IN describes programs, organizations, publications, and other tools for EPA and other federal and state personnel, consulting engineers, technology developers and vendors, remediation contractors, researchers, community groups, and individual citizens. Information about issues related to remediation and site characterization also is provided: technology verification and evaluation; technology selection tools; contaminant-specific information, guidance and application support; case studies; regulatory development; and publications.
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| CLU-IN Studio
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CLU-IN Studio, which is coordinated by EPA's OSRTI, ITRC, and other partners, provides free and unlimited access to Internet technical seminars, live conference Webcasts, and videotapes. The three types of media provide information about and resources relevant to innovative site characterization and cleanup technologies. The 2-hour Internet seminars are live, Web-based slide presentations, each of which has a companion audio portion available by telephone line or RealAudio simulcast. The conference Webcasts are live events that combine Web-based presentation materials with a companion live audio stream. The videotapes, whose viewing time ranges from 6 to 28 minutes, may be viewed or ordered online. Descriptions and registration information for upcoming events as well as links to archived seminars and Webcasts are provided at www.clu-in.org/studio.
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| CLU-IN Technology Focus
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The Technology Focus, a section of EPA OSRTI's CLU-IN site, provides a compilation of the most relevant information sources for a range of remediation technologies. Grouped by specific technologies, the resources provide technology descriptions, information about applications and use of technologies, relevant engineering and regulatory guidance, and links to training sources and additional references. Information about the following technologies is available: air sparging, bioreactor landfills, bioremediation of chlorinated solvents, bioventing and biosparging, electrokinetics, fracturing, groundwater circulating wells, in situ flushing, in situ oxidation, multiphase extraction, natural attenuation, PRBs, phytoremediation, solvent extraction, SVE, soil washing, thermal desorption, and thermal enhancements.
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Cost Analyses for Selected Groundwater Cleanup Projects: Pump-and-Treat Systems and Permeable Reactive Barriers
EPA 542-R-00-013
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Developed on the basis of case studies prepared by EPA, other members of FRTR, and the Remediation Technologies Development Forum, the report presents the results of an analysis of groundwater cleanup costs for P&T systems and PRBs at 48 sites. Targeted for site managers, technology developers, and users, as well as others involved in groundwater remediation efforts, the report provides detailed information about the costs of groundwater cleanup technologies and factors that affect those costs. Of the 48 sites, 32 had P&T systems and 16 had PRBs.
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Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing the Brownfields Initiatives
EPA 625-R-99-001
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The guide is one in a series of publications designed to assist communities, states, municipalities, and the private sector to address brownfields sites more effectively. The guide, which is designed to be used with the three guides for specific types of sites Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative, Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative, and Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative provides information about cost estimating tools and resources for addressing cleanup costs at brownfields sites. Many decision-makers at brownfields sites may choose to assign the preparation of cost estimates to consultants who are experienced in the cleanup of hazardous waste sites; however, it benefits those decision-makers to be able to provide guidance to their consultants and to understand the process sufficiently well to provide an informed review of the estimates prepared. The guide provides general information about the cost estimation process and includes summaries of various types of estimates. The guide also outlines the process of developing "order of magnitude" cost estimates. Information about resources, databases, and models also is provided.
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Data Quality Objective Process for Hazardous Waste Site Investigations
EPA 600-R-00-007
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The document focuses on the DQO process as the appropriate systematic planning process to support decision-making. The DQO process is an important tool for project managers and planners to use in defining the types, quality, and quantity of data needed to make defensible decisions. The document is based on the principles and steps developed in Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process, but is specific to investigations of hazardous waste sites. The guidance is also consistent with Data Quality Objectives Process for Superfund: Interim Final Guidance (EPA 1993) and Soil Screening Guidance: User's Guide (EPA 1996). Although the document focuses on EPA applications, the guidance also is applicable to programs at the state and local levels.
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| Data Quality Objectives Web Site
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The DQO Web site, which is sponsored by DOE, is a helpful resource for those responsible for preparing a data collection design. The Web site defines the DQO process and explains its role in ensuring that a data collection activity produces results of sufficient quality to support decisions based on those results. The Web site provides step-by-step procedures for the DQO process. It also provides a decision process flow chart, describes purposes and goals related to the use of the DQO process, and reviews relevant DOE and contractor directives. It also provides information on data quality assessment (QA); describes a number of available training courses; lists contacts; and provides glossaries of relevant terms, as well as links to related sites.
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| Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs): Review of Emerging Characterization and Remediation Technologies
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This document, which was developed by ITRC, is an educational tool for regulators and project managers who work with DNAPL-contaminated sites. The emerging characterization technologies discussed in the document include geophysical and direct-push technologies, and in situ tracers. Emerging remediation technologies described in the document include in situ flushing, dynamic underground stripping, six-phase heating, and in situ chemical oxidation. The document also presents stakeholder concerns about application of these emerging technologies.
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Design Solutions for Vapor Intrusion and Indoor Air Quality
EPA 500-F-04-004
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This fact sheet, compiled by EPA OSWER, provides an overview of technical and health issues regarding vapor intrusion into indoor air and its effect on land redevelopment. The fact sheet discusses how to anticipate the potential for vapor intrusion; evaluate the extent of the problem; and prevent or correct the problem.
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Directory of Technical Assistance for Land Revitalization (BTSC)
EPA 542-B-03-001
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EPA's BTSC has prepared the directory to provide information about technical assistance that is available from federal agencies to assist regional, state, and local government personnel in assessment and cleanup decision-making for brownfields reuse and revitalization. This directory includes information about 37 organizations within 10 federal agencies that provide different types of support to help with site assessment and cleanup, including technical support and funding sources. Profiles are included for the agencies and organizations and contain the following types of information: background and location information, relevancy to revitalization, description of the areas of expertise available, discussion of the types of services available, types of funding available and eligibility, contact information and the process for requesting assistance, and examples of specific instances where the organization has previously provided support for site revitalization. Information in the profiles is believed to be current as of March 2003. To help maintain current information, the directory is available as an online searchable database at www.brownfieldstsc.org/directory.
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DNAPL Remediation: Selected Projects Approaching Regulatory Closure - Status Update
EPA 542-R-04-016
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This paper, which was prepared by EPA's OSRTI, is a status update on the use of DNAPL source reduction remedial technologies. The document provides information about recent projects in which regulatory closure has been reached and projects that are approaching regulatory closure following source reduction. Information is presented about the challenges associated with DNAPL remediation and the types of in situ technologies used, and data and findings are included concerning the relative effectiveness of field applications of these technologies. Project profiles for eight field applications are provided that illustrate some of the findings presented in the paper.
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| Dry Cleaner Site Assessment & Remediation - A Technology Snapshot
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In this report, the State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) evaluates trends in the use of technologies to address dry cleaner sites across the country over the last 3 years. The analysis is based on the responses of 28 states to a 2002 SCRD survey and comparison of these responses to those from a similar survey conducted in 1999. SCRD gathered information on technologies that states have used or evaluated for assessment and remediation of solvent-contaminated dry cleaning sites as well as program- and project-specific information concerning contaminant types, general costs, technologies, cleanup standards, guidance documents, and lessons learned.
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Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and Field Applications
EPA 542-R-00-008
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The report provides an overview of in situ bioremediation for the remediation of chlorinated solvents in contaminated soil and groundwater. It describes mechanisms for the degradation of chlorinated solvents, enhancements of such mechanisms by the addition of various materials and chemicals, design approaches, and factors to consider when selecting and using the technology. The report also presents a list of vendors of the technology and nine case studies of field applications.
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Engineering and Design: Adsorption Design Guide
DG 1110-1-2
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The guide, published by USACE, provides practical guidance for the design of liquid- and vapor-phase devices for the adsorption of organic chemicals. The adsorptive media addressed include granular activated carbon (GAC) and other alternative adsorption media, such as powdered activated carbon (PAC) and non-carbon adsorbents. It addresses various types of adsorption media, applicability, use of various adsorption process technologies, design of equipment and ancillary components, availability, advantages, disadvantages, regeneration methods, costs, and safety considerations.
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Engineering and Design: Requirements for the Preparation of Sampling and Analysis Plans
EM 200-1-3
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Developed by USACE, the manual provides guidance for the preparation of project-specific sampling and analysis plans (SAP) for the collection of environmental data. In addition, the manual presents default sampling and analytical protocols that may be used verbatim or modified based in light of the DQOs for a specific project. The goal of the manual is to promote consistency in the generation and execution of sampling and analysis plans and therefore to help investigators generate chemical data of known quality for the purpose to which those data are to be used.
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Engineering and Design: Soil Vapor Extraction and Bioventing
EM 1110-1-4001
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This guide, which was published by USACE to provide practical guidance for design and operation of SVE and bioventing (BV) systems. It discusses all aspects of the engineering of SVE and BV systems, including site characterization, technology selection; bench- and pilot-scale testing, design, installation, operation, and closure.
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| Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP)
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DoD's ESTCP Program promotes innovative, cost-effective environmental characterization and remediation technologies through their demonstration and validation at DoD sites. Successful demonstration leads to acceptance of innovative technologies by DoD end-users and the regulatory community. The Web site provides access to detailed reports about completed demonstration projects that have verified cost and performance of a technology, and fact sheets about ongoing projects where innovative technologies are being tested. Some of the areas under which these demonstrations are being conducted include chlorinated solvents, heavy metals, perchlorate, petroleum hydrocarbons and related compounds and contaminated sediments. Reports about site characterization, monitoring and process optimization are also available. The user can also use the online library to search for reports and fact sheets based on keywords.
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| Environmental Technology Verification Reports
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Produced by EPA's ORD, the Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program reports provide extensive information about the performance of commercial-ready, private sector technologies. The reports are intended for buyers of technologies, developers of technologies, consulting engineers, and state and federal agencies. The documents verify the environmental performance characteristics of these technologies based on pilot project results. The reports as well as other information about the ETV Program are available on the ETV Web site. Approximately 100 ETV reports and verification statements about the performance of various technologies are available. Examples of these technologies include ambient ammonia sensors, mercury continuous emission monitors, arsenic test kits, rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies, laser-induced fluorescence sensors, cone penetrometer-deployed sensors, environmental DSS, explosives detection, field-portable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, field-portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer, groundwater sampling, PCB field analysis technologies, portable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, soil and soil gas sampling, wellhead monitoring for volatile organic compounds (VOC), and soil sampling technologies.
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| EPA Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment Internet Site
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This Internet site coordinated by EPA's Office of Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment provides extensive information about EPA's Brownfields Program, including the Brownfields Law, EPA brownfields grants, and technical tools and resources as well as information about brownfields projects across the country. Descriptions of EPA's brownfields pilot projects and points of contact in each of the EPA regional offices are provided, as are descriptions of publications, regulations, and other documents. Brownfields stakeholders involved in selection and use of technologies for environmental cleanup may have particular interest in learning more about EPA's brownfields grant programs, which offer assessment grants, revolving loan fund grants, cleanup grants, and job training grants. Information is also provided on EPA's Targeted Brownfields Assessments (TBA) Program as well as state and tribal response programs. The site also contains routinely updated announcements related to grants and information on pilot projects and success stories. The site provides links to the Web sites of different cleanup programs managed by offices within the EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER). For additional information, visit the Web site at www.epa.gov/brownfields.
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| EPA Dockets
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Dockets, electronic dockets, and information centers serve as the repositories for information related to particular EPA actions. When a rulemaking or nonrulemaking action is announced, a docket is established in EPA Dockets (EDOCKET) with an assigned tracking number to accumulate materials throughout the process. Dockets may contain Federal Register documents, a variety of supporting documentation, and public comments. Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically in EDOCKET or on hard copy at the EPA Docket Center, EPA West Building, Room B102, 1301 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC. This facility is open from 8:30 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays. The telephone number for the Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the OSWER Docket is (202) 566-0276. All documents in the docket are listed in the EDOCKET index at www.epa.gov/edocket.
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| EPA Dynamic Field Activities Internet Site
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Hosted by EPA's OSRTI, the Internet site provides resources to assist decision-makers to streamline activities conducted at hazardous waste sites using real-time data and real-time decisions. Descriptions of the specific elements of dynamic field activities are provided, as well as related guidance documents and publications, including links to relevant Internet sites. Information about on-site analytical tools suitable for use during dynamic field activities also is provided.
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| EPA Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Industry Sector Notebooks
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Developed by EPA's Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA), the sector notebooks provide extensive profiles of selected major industries. Each profile includes information about an industrial process, information about pollution prevention techniques, pollutant release data, pertinent federal statutes and regulations, compliance and enforcement data, information on government and industry partnerships, descriptions of innovative programs, and bibliographic references. Profiles are available online and on hard copy for the following industry sectors:
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| EPA Office of Solid Waste SW-846 Online: Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes, Physical/Chemical Methods
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Developed by EPA's OSW, the Web site provides test procedures and guidance that EPA recommends for use in conducting the evaluations and measurements needed to comply with requirements established under RCRA. The online manual presents state-of-the-art methods of routine analytical testing that have been adapted for use under the RCRA Program. All the documents found in the Third Edition of SW-846, as updated by updates I, II, IIA, IIB, III, and IIIA, are located at the Web site. It presents procedures for field and laboratory QC, sampling, identification of hazardous constituents in wastes, determination of the hazardous characteristics of wastes (toxicity, ignitability, reactivity, or corrosivity), and determination of the physical properties of wastes. It also provides guidance on selecting appropriate methods. The methods can be downloaded from the SW-846 Web site at no cost.
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EPA ORD Brownfields Guides - Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative
EPA 625-R-98-007
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The Brownfields Guides, which were developed by EPA ORD, are designed to help communities, states, municipalities, and the private sector address brownfields sites more effectively. EPA has developed this "Iron and Steel" guide to provide decision-makers such as city planners, private sector developers, and others involved in redeveloping brownfields with a better understanding of the technical issues involved in assessing and cleaning up iron and steel mill sites so they can make the most informed decisions possible. This guide provides the user with an understanding of common industrial processes at iron and steel mills and the relationship between these processes and potential releases of contaminants to the environment. The guide also includes a discussion of site assessment, screening and cleanup levels, and technologies that can be used to assess and clean up the types of contaminants likely to be present at iron and steel mill sites. A list of relevant acronyms, a glossary of key terms, and an extensive bibliography are also provided.
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EPA ORD Brownfields Guides - Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative
EPA 625-R-98-006
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The Brownfields Guides, which were developed by EPA ORD, are designed to help communities, states, municipalities, and the private sector address brownfields sites more effectively. EPA has developed this "Metal Finishing" guide to provide those involved in redeveloping brownfields with a better understanding of the technical issues involved in assessing and cleaning up metal finishing sites so they can make the most informed decisions possible. This guide provides the user with an understanding of common industrial processes at metal finishing facilities and the relationship between these processes and potential releases of contaminants to the environment. It also provides information on the types of contaminants likely to be present at these sites. The guide includes a discussion of a conceptual framework for pathways by which contaminants may migrate off site and environmental and human health concerns to be considered when cleanup options for these sites are evaluated. In addition, a list of relevant acronyms, a glossary of key terms, and an extensive bibliography are provided.
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| EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets
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Developed by EPA Region 3, the fact sheets are designed to assist in the initial planning and evaluation of sites that are under consideration for remediation, redevelopment, or reuse. The fact sheets provide general descriptions of site conditions and contaminants commonly found at selected industrial sites. Each fact sheet provides information about the processes conducted in the industry, raw materials characteristic of the industry, environmental media that could be affected, sampling strategies, and suggested parameters for analysis. Fact sheets on the following subjects are available online:
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| EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative Technologies (REACH IT) Online Searchable Database
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The EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative Technologies (EPA REACH IT) online searchable databases sponsored by EPA's OSRTI is a service provided free of charge to both users and technology vendors. EPA REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet. This database provides users comprehensive, up-to-date information about more than 256 characterization technologies and 481 remediation technologies and their applications. It combines information submitted by technology service providers about remediation and characterization technologies with information from EPA, DoD, DOE, and state project managers about sites at which innovative technologies are being deployed. During the preliminary phase of a brownfields project, EPA REACH IT will assist brownfields stakeholders to learn about and become familiar with the range of available technology options that can be employed during the investigation and the cleanup phases that follow, as well as data about various types of sites. Information about analytical screening technologies that may be useful for initial sampling of a site also is provided. EPA updates all of the information available in the system about every six months. Technology vendors may also add or update information in EPA REACH IT at any time through the Data Entry System, or by submitting information by mail. You can search the EPA REACH IT system in several ways. Various search options are available for a user on the home page, including Custom Search; Spotlight; Most Common Searches; Saved Searches; Guided Search; and Vendor, Technology, and Site Index. For questions about whether a technology is eligible for listing in EPA REACH IT, the user may contact the EPA REACH IT help line at (800) 245-4505 or (703) 390-0713 or send an e-mail to epareachit@ttemi.com.
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| EPA Technical Support Project
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EPA's OSWER, regional waste management offices, and ORD established the Technical Support Project (TSP) in 1987 to provide technical assistance to regional remedial project managers (RPM), corrective action staff, and on-scene coordinators (OSC). The TSP consists of a network of Regional Forums and specialized Technical Support Centers in ORD, Office of Radiation Programs (ORP) laboratories, and OSWER's Environmental Response Team. The three technical forums within the TSP include the Engineering Forum, the Ground Water Forum, and the Federal Facilities Forum. Members of these forums work to improve communication and assist in technical transfer between the regions and the centers. The Forums also act as technical resources and disseminate TSP information to their regional colleagues. TSP issue papers and fact sheets, which are available online, provide information on remediation technologies or technical issues of concern. Technical assistance requests may be directed to any of the Technical Support Center contacts or to the regional forum representative. Contact information can be found on the TSP Web site at www.epa.gov/tio/tsp.
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| EPA's Office of Underground Storage Tanks Internet Site
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Hosted by EPA's OUST, the Internet site provides resources and tools to assist owners and operators of USTs and brownfields stakeholders to better assess their options for the operation, maintenance, and cleanup of USTs. Information and guidance about technologies suitable for cleaning up releases from UST systems are provided, as well as details about current federal UST regulations and UST program priorities, including specific details about the USTFields Initiative. Points of contact in each of the EPA regional offices also are identified. An extensive number of UST publications can be viewed online or downloaded at no charge. In addition, information about state-sponsored UST programs, including links to state Internet sites, is provided on OUST's site at www.epa.gov/swerust1/states/index.htm.
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Evaluation of Performance and Longevity at Permeable Reactive Barrier Sites
CU-9907
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Developed by ESTCP, this report presents an evaluation of short- and long-term performance issues associated with PRBs installed at several DoD sites. The report assesses the longevity of PRBs made from iron and the hydraulic performance of various PRBs in terms of their ability to meet groundwater capture zone and residence time requirements. The report describes PRB technology and provides an assessment of the performance and cost of the technology when implemented in the field. It also addresses implementation issues such as scale-up, regulatory constraints, and monitoring.
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| Evaluation of Permeable Reactive Barrier Performance - Revised Report
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This document, which was prepared for FRTR by DoD, DOE, and EPA, summarizes field performance evaluations of several PRBs installed at sites under the purview of DoD, DOE, and EPA. The evaluations focus on the longevity and hydraulic performance of the PRBs in various geologic settings. The results of these studies are being provided to RPMs at government-owned sites to aid in decision-making. The document also discusses compliance and monitoring issues related to PRBs.
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Evaluation of Phytoremediation for Management of Chlorinated Solvents in Soil and Groundwater
EPA 542-R-05-001
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This document, prepared by the RTDF, is designed to briefly introduce various phytotechnologies; identify potential applications of phytoremediation to control, transform, or manage chlorinated solvents in soil and groundwater; show how to conduct a preliminary assessment to determine if a particular site is a good candidate for phytoremediation; and describe monitoring options and show how to assess the effectiveness of phytoremediation at full-scale field implementation. It is intended to aid regulators, site owners, consultants, and other stakeholders in understanding the proper application of phytotechnology to remediate groundwater contaminated with halogenated solvents.
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| Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision Support Software (DSS)
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Developed by DOE's Office of Environmental Management, the report evaluates DSS, computer-based systems that facilitate the use of data, models, and structured decision processes in making decisions related to environmental management. The report evaluates 19 such systems through the application of a rating system that favors software that simulates a wide range of environmental problems. It includes a glossary of terms and a statement of the rationale for the selection of various aspects of the performance of the DSS for evaluation.
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Evaluation of Subsurface Engineered Barriers at Waste Sites
EPA 542-R-98-005
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The report provides a national retrospective analysis of the field performance of barrier systems, as well as information that could be useful in developing guidance on the use and evaluation of such systems. The report contains information about the design, application, and performance of subsurface engineered barriers.
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Evapotranspiration Landfill Cover Systems Fact Sheet
EPA 542-F-03-015
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This fact sheet, which was prepared by EPA, provides a summary of an innovative landfill final cover design called evapotranspiration (ET) covers. The information in this fact sheet was obtained from currently available technical literature and from discussions with site managers. The general ET cover concept involves use of one or more vegetated soil layers to retain water until it is either transpired through vegetation or evaporated from the soil surface. The fact sheet discusses general considerations of ET cover design, performance, monitoring, cost, status, and limitations and provides project-specific examples. Final cover systems are used as part of the remediation and final closure for landfills, contaminated areas at or near the ground surface, and other waste disposal sites. As of September 2003, ET covers have been proposed, tested, or installed at 64 sites throughout the United States, generally from Georgia to Oregon.
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| Expedited Site Characterization (ESC) Method (Ames Laboratory Environmental Technologies Development Program)
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This Web site, which was developed by DOE, provides information about demonstrations of the ESC method conducted by the Ames Laboratory Environmental Technology Development Program. The ESC demonstrations employ several technologies such as hydrological technologies to better understand the properties and physical characteristics of groundwater movement; geophysical and geotechnical technologies to improve understanding of the subsurface geology and predict "fate and transport" of the target contaminants; analytical technologies designed to detect and quantify the target contaminants; and data fusion technologies to integrate site information into a conceptual site model. The ESC demonstrations include characterization work performed by commercial contractors at existing contaminated sites. Public sessions provide a forum for citizens, media, state and local government officials, EPA and state regulators, technology providers, environmental scientists, engineers and educators to offer input on this new approach and its role within the environmental cleanup process.
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Federal Facilities Forum Issue: Field Sampling and Selecting On-Site Analytical Methods for Explosives in Water
EPA 600-S-99-002
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This paper was prepared by members of the Federal Facilities Forum, a group of EPA scientists and engineers representing EPA regional offices who are committed to identification and resolution of issues affecting federal facility Superfund and RCRA sites. The purpose of the paper is to provide guidance to RPMs about field sampling and on-site analytical methods for detecting and quantifying secondary explosive contaminants in water. The paper is divided into the following sections: (1) purpose and scope, (2) background information, (3) overview of sampling and analysis of explosives, (4) DQOs, (5) sampling and analysis for explosives in water, (6) a summary of on-site analytical methods and (7) summary of EPA reference analytical methods for explosives in water.
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| Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Case Studies
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The case studies provide the user with information about specific characterization and remediation technology optimization applications. Four focus areas have been established by FRTR for providing performance and cost information on technology applications: remediation case study reports, characterization and monitoring case study reports, technology assessment reports, and long-term monitoring/optimization case study reports. FRTR case studies are developed by DoD, USACE, the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Air Force, DOE, DOI, and EPA. The case studies focus on full-scale and large field demonstration projects and include site background information, technology descriptions, cost and performance information, and lessons learned. The technologies include innovative and conventional treatment technologies for contaminated soil, groundwater, and solid media. Users can search the case studies by groups of contaminants, media, waste management practices that contribute to contamination, and treatment systems.
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| Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Remediation Optimization Web Site
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Remediation process optimization (RPO) involves systematic monitoring and evaluation to detect and respond to changes in remedial system performance. System optimization offers benefits that include enhanced protectiveness, reduced cost, shortened cleanup times, and the increased likelihood of site close-out. The Web site includes a searchable database of optimization case studies, meeting and conference materials from events related to remediation system optimization, general optimization tools and processes, descriptions of broad-based optimization projects, definitions of optimization acronyms, and a list of RPO points of contact. Monitoring optimization includes approaches for increasing efficiency, reducing cost, identifying uncertainty, and increasing reliability of long-term monitoring. Simulation optimization involves the use of mathematical optimization techniques coupled with groundwater simulation models to determine optimal pumping locations and rates for plume containment and/or cleanup. Treatment technology optimization includes information on specific in situ and ex situ remedial technologies.
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| Field Analytic Technologies Encyclopedia (FATE)
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The online encyclopedia provides information about technologies that investigators can use in the field to characterize contaminated soil and groundwater; monitor the progress of remedial efforts; and, in some cases, perform confirmation sampling and analysis to support closeout of a site. The encyclopedia emphasizes the systematic planning component of the Triad as a necessary step to identify factors and issues that contribute to decision uncertainty. The site also provides a searchable function to enable the user to find an appropriate technology based on the contaminants at a site and the media to be treated, and provides site summaries, links to relevant resources, and training modules. The encyclopedia serves a wide range of users, from engineering students to field technicians and site managers.
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Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Chemical Oxidation
EPA 542-R-98-008
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The document describes recent pilot demonstrations and full-scale applications of chemical oxidation processes that treat soil and groundwater in place or increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants to improve their removal by other remediation technologies.
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Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Ground-Water Circulation Wells
EPA 542-R-98-009
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The report is one in a series of reports that document recent pilot demonstrations and full-scale applications that treat soil and groundwater in situ or increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants to improve their removal by other remediation technologies. It is hoped that the information provided will facilitate more frequent consideration of new, less costly, and more effective technologies to address the problems associated with hazardous waste sites and petroleum contamination.
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Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Permeable Reactive Barriers
EPA 542-R-99-002
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One of a series of reports that summarize pilot demonstrations and full-scale applications of technologies that treat soil and groundwater, the document presents profiles of a number of applications of PRBs. Each profile identifies, to the extent the information is available, the name of the site, its location, its characteristics, the principal contaminants present, the installation date of the PRB, the type of construction, the costs of design and construction, the reactive materials used, and the results achieved. The profiles also discuss lessons learned and lists a point of contact for obtaining further information. A bibliography of articles and documents related to PRBs also is included.
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| Field Sampling and Analysis Technologies Matrix, Version 1.0
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The matrix, an online tool, will assist brownfields stakeholders to obtain information about and screen technologies applicable for site investigation. Each site characterization technology is rated in a number of performance categories, such as detection limits, applicable media, selectivity, and turnaround time. Other useful information provided includes technology descriptions; data on commercial status, cost, and certification; and evaluation reports. The matrix is extremely helpful to users who are not familiar with specific characterization technologies, but who know baseline information about a site, such as contaminants and media; for such users, the matrix can identify and screen technologies for potential use at a site.
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Frequently Asked Questions about Dry Cleaning
EPA 744-K-98-002
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The EPA fact sheet addresses a number of issues related to dry cleaning, including EPA's interest in dry cleaning, the process of dry cleaning, the human health and environmental risks associated with chemical solvents used in the dry cleaning process, what dry cleaners and the government are doing to reduce those risks, and other methods of cleaning clothes. The document lists additional sources of information about dry cleaning and EPA's Design for the Environment Program.
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Geophysical Techniques to Locate DNAPLs: Profiles of Federally Funded Projects
EPA 542-R-98-020
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The document provides to researchers and practitioners a status report on federal projects that are using noninvasive geophysical techniques to locate DNAPLs in the subsurface.
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Groundwater Cleanup: Overview of Operating Experience at 28 Sites
EPA 542-R-99-006
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The report summarizes information about the groundwater remediation systems at 28 sites throughout the United States at which completed or ongoing groundwater cleanup programs are in place. It includes details about design, operation, and performance of the systems; capital, operating, and unit costs of the systems; and factors that potentially affect the cost and performance of the systems. The report compares and contrasts data from the case studies to assist those involved in evaluating and selecting remedies for groundwater contamination at hazardous waste sites. Of the 28 projects presented in the case studies, 24 are Superfund remedial actions, one is a Superfund removal action, one is a cleanup conducted by state authorities, and two are corrective actions taken under RCRA. The sites represent a range of site types and hydrogeological conditions.
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Groundwater Pump and Treat Systems: Summary of Selected Cost and Performance Information at Superfund-Financed Sites
EPA 542-R-01-021a and EPA 542-R-01-021b
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This report, which was published by EPA, summarizes Phase 1 (the data collection phase) of the Nationwide Fund-lead Pump and Treat Optimization Project. The first phase of this project identified a total of 88 Fund-lead (EPA-lead and state-lead with Fund money) P&T systems within the Superfund Program. System identification was accomplished through use of online databases and discussions with project liaisons in each region. The number of Fund-lead P&T systems in EPA regions ranged from zero in Region 8 to 22 in Region 2. The report identifies the 88 Fund-lead P&T systems, summarizes the information submitted by RPMs, and presents the screening and selection of those systems to receive remediation system evaluations (RSE). The EPA 542-R-01-021a report does not contain data appendices. The "b" version of the report includes all appendices.
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| Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center Technology Reports
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Developed by the Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center (GWRTAC), various reports about groundwater technologies and how they work are available to assist decision-makers in reviewing technology options and assessing a technology's applicability to a particular site. The Technical Overview Reports are intended to provide general overviews of and introductions to selected groundwater technologies. More detailed information and technical analyses are provided in the Technical Evaluation Reports. Each of these reports provides a comprehensive description of a specific technology, performance information, information about its applicability and cost, a discussion of regulatory and policy requirements and issues, and a summary of lessons learned. The Technology Status Reports are summary documents that provide information about the status of and current development efforts for specific emerging groundwater technologies or address related topics. Examples of some of the topics covered include air sparging, chlorinated solvents, DNAPL remediation, electrokinetics, hydraulic and pneumatic fracturing, in situ bioremediation, in situ chemical treatment, in situ soil flushing, permeable reactive wells, phytoremediation, groundwater circulation wells, in situ S/S, in situ vitrification, LNAPL remediation, perchlorate remediation, remediation of metals, SVE and dual -phase extraction, thermal enhancements, and treatment trains.
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Groundwater Remedies Selected at Superfund Sites
EPA 542-R-01-022
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EPA prepared this report to document the selection of groundwater treatment and MNA remedies for Superfund remedial action sites. The report presents data on groundwater treatment and MNA remedy decisions and analyzes trends in these decisions over time. The focus of this report is on groundwater treatment and MNA remedies that result in reduction of contaminant concentrations or mobility. Groundwater containment and other remedies are not addressed in this report.
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Guidance for Preparing Standard Operating Procedures
EPA 240-B-01-004
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The document provides guidance on the preparation and use of a standard operating procedure (SOP) within a quality system. An SOP is a set of written instructions that document a routine or repetitive activity that an organization carries out. The development and use of SOPs are an integral part of a successful quality system because SOPs provide individuals with the information needed to perform a job properly and facilitate consistency in the quality and integrity of a product or end result. SOPs describe both technical and administrative operational elements of an organization that would be managed under a work plan, a quality assurance project plan, or a quality management plan. A copy of the guidance document can be viewed at the online version of the Road Map at www.brownfieldstsc.org.
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Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost and Performance Information for Remediation Projects
EPA 542-B-98-007
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The document recommends the types of data that should be collected to document the performance and cost of future cleanups. The guide specifies data elements for 13 conventional and innovative cleanup technologies: soil bioventing, soil flushing, soil vapor extraction, groundwater sparging, in situ groundwater remediation, pump-and-treat technologies, composting, incineration, land treatment, slurry-phase soil bioremediation, soil washing, stabilization, and thermal desorption. The document provides site managers with a standard set of parameters for documenting completed remediation projects. A number of federal agencies have made commitments to using the guidance to collect data for full-scale cleanups, demonstrations, and treatability studies.
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| Guideline for Dynamic Workplans and Field Analytics: The Keys to Cost-Effective Site Characterization and Cleanup
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Developed by Tufts University in cooperation with EPA, the document provides users with information about the many factors that are to be considered in incorporating field analytical instruments and methods into an adaptive sampling and analysis program for expediting the site investigation process. The guidance is intended to assist federal and state regulators, site owners, consulting engineers, and remediation companies understand how to develop, maintain, and update a dynamic workplan.
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| Hazardous Substance Research Centers
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The Hazardous Substance Research Centers (HSRC) provide a national program of basic and applied research, technology transfer, and outreach. Five multi-university centers focus on different aspects of hazardous substance management and serve different regions of the country. The HSRCs receive financial support from EPA and additional funding from academia, industry, and other federal and state agencies. Research projects involve laboratory and field experiments as well as mathematical and physical modeling. Technology transfer and training activities facilitate information exchange with government agencies, industry, and other academic participants. The HSRCs operate three outreach programs that provide free, nonadvocacy technical assistance to communities. Technical Outreach Services for Communities (TOSC) uses university educational and technical resources to help community groups understand the technical issues associated with the hazardous waste sites in their midst. TOSC aims to empower communities to participate substantively in the decision-making process regarding their hazardous substance problems. An affiliate of TOSC is Technical Outreach Services for Native American Communities (TOSNAC), which provides technical assistance to Native Americans dealing with hazardous substance issues. Technical Assistance to Brownfields Communities (TAB) helps communities to clean up and redevelop properties that have been damaged or undervalued because of environmental contamination. The main audiences for TAB assistance are community groups, municipal officials, developers, and community leaders, with lending institutions constituting a secondary audience. More information on the HSRCs and their brownfields initiatives is available at www.hsrc.org.
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| Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise
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Coordinated through USACE, the Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise (HTRW-CX) provides technical assistance and information regarding use of innovative technologies for cleanup of contaminated properties. Detailed information about a variety of innovative technology resources, points of contact at the HTRW-CX, and upcoming training courses and workshops is provided on the center's Web site. More than 50 case studies of successful applications of innovative technologies also are described on the site. Visit the HTRW-CX Web site at www.environmental.usace.army.mil/info/technical/it/it.html for more information on the center's innovative technology programs.
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How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers
EPA 510-R-04-002
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The guide was developed by EPA to assist state regulators in efficiently and confidently evaluating corrective action plans (CAP) that incorporate alternative technologies. The guide, which was written in nontechnical language, takes the reader through the steps involved in reviewing a CAP. Earlier versions of the guide (1994 and 1995) covered technologies such as SVE, air sparging, biosparging, landfarming, biopiles, bioventing, low-temperature thermal desorption, natural attenuation, dual-phase extraction, and in situ groundwater bioremediation. The revised version (2004) has two new chapters on enhanced aerobic bioremediation and chemical oxidation and two revised chapters: the introduction and a chapter on MNA. Each technology chapter presents a comprehensive description of a technology, an explanation of how it works, and a flow chart that illustrates the decision points in the process; information that will help the regulator evaluate whether a given technology will clean up a given site successfully; a discussion and instructions to help the regulator evaluate whether a CAP is technically sound; a checklist to assist the regulator in determining whether a CAP includes all the steps necessary; and a list of references.
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Hydraulic Optimization Demonstration for Groundwater Pump-and-Treat Systems
EPA 542-R-99-011A
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The report, contained in two separate volumes, presents a screening analysis that users can use to determine whether they can achieve significant cost savings by altering key aspects of an existing or planned P&T system. The first volume, intended for a broad audience, describes the screening analysis, which uses spreadsheets to allow quick and inexpensive cost comparison of alternatives under consideration for use at a site, in terms of net present value (NPV). The second volume, intended for a more technical audience, provides case study examples of the application of hydraulic optimization at three sites. Site-specific factors, as well as the steps involved to conduct the analysis, are described in detail. The following volumes are available:
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| Impact of Landfill Closure Designs on Long-Term Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
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Developed by ESTCP, this landfill closure evaluation document is intended to help users develop alternative landfill closure designs and management strategies that can enhance the long-term natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents in landfills and landfill leachate-contaminated groundwater. The design approach proposed in this document maximizes the use of natural remediation and management techniques for landfill closures.
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| Improving Decision Quality: Making the Case for Adopting Next-Generation Site Characterization Practices
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This paper, which was published in Remediation in spring 2003 as a joint effort of EPA OSRTI and the Northeast Waste Management Officials' Association (NEWMOA), addresses developments in site characterization and the barriers that hinder improved decision-making. The paper discusses the need for the site cleanup industry to continue its technical advancement by using next-generation models based on current scientific understanding. It addresses data quality assessments and the impacts of matrix heterogeneity on analytical results. The paper also discusses the use of the Triad approach systematic project planning, dynamic work planning strategies, and real-time data generation as a means of moving beyond existing data paradigms.
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Improving Sampling, Analysis, and Data Management for Site Investigation and Cleanup
EPA 542-F-04-001a
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The document, which was published by EPA, describes the three-pronged Triad approach that forms the basis of EPA's national strategy for site characterization and assessment. This streamlined approach to site assessment focuses on systematic planning to ensure the effective use of resources; preparation of a dynamic work plan to support decision-making in the field; and use of on-site analytical tools, rapid sampling platforms, and on-site data interpretation. Following the discussion of the Triad approach to site investigation, the document briefly reviews a number of recent developments that promise marked benefits for cleanup efforts and sets forth the EPA's vision of defensible decisions at an affordable cost that is the goal of the national strategy. The document can be downloaded from CLU-IN under "Publications." See Spotlight 7, "The Triad Approach," for a more detailed description of the approach.
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| Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Hazardous Waste Site Characterization and Monitoring
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The report introduces a new standard promoted by EPA's OSWER and OSRTI that encourages more effective and less costly strategies for characterizing and monitoring hazardous waste sites. The new approach uses an integrated triad of systematic planning, dynamic work plans, and on-site analysis for data collection and technical decision-making at hazardous waste sites. Individually, none of the concepts in the Triad approach is new, but it has been demonstrated that the integrated approach completes projects faster, cheaper, and with greater regulatory and client satisfaction than the traditional phased approach. The report includes a list of additional resources regarding innovative technologies and site characterization.
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| In Search of Representativeness: Evolving the Environmental Data Quality Model
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This paper, which was published by EPA OSRTI, discusses the need to update the environmental data quality model to recognize and manage the uncertainties involved in generating representative data from heterogeneous environmental matrices. It discusses issues associated with data quality despite improvements in environmental analytical capabilities. The paper also discusses the gradually increasing acceptance of new technologies and dynamic work plan strategies by regulators and cleanup practitioners. The complete reference for the paper is as follows: Quality Assurance, Volume 9 (2001/2002), Pages 179 through 190.
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In Situ Electrokinetic Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soils Technology Status Report
SFIM-AEC-ET-CR-99022
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The report, which was published by the U.S. Army Environmental Center for ESTCP, provides an overview of the current developmental status of electrokinetic remediation for metals-contaminated soils. The report identifies concerns about the in situ application of the technology and issues that require further investigation. It also presents the results of a field demonstration conducted at Naval Air Weapons Station at Point Mugu to illustrate concerns about the in situ application of the technology at its current stage of development.
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In Situ Treatment of Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and Field Applications
EPA 542-R-04-010
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This report, which was prepared by EPA, contains information about the use of in situ thermal treatment technologies to treat chlorinated solvents in source zones containing free-phase contamination or high concentrations of contaminants that are either sorbed to soil or dissolved in groundwater in the saturated or unsaturated zone. The information in this report may be helpful to site managers, site owners, treatment technology vendors, regulators, consulting firms, and others involved in the cleanup of sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents. The report describes three in situ thermal technologies: steam-enhanced extraction, electrical resistive heating, and electrical conductive heating. The report also discusses overall applicability issues and engineering considerations for the use of these technologies in the field.
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| In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Sediments
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The document provides a technology assessment about in situ treatment technologies applicable for cleanup of contaminated sediments. It is intended to provide federal agencies, states, consulting engineering firms, private industries, and technology developers with information on the current status of this technology.
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| Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study Series
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The case studies provide cost and performance information about the innovative technologies that support less costly and more representative site characterization. The purpose of the case studies is to analyze and document the effectiveness of new technologies proposed for site cleanup. They present information about the capability of the technologies in analyzing and monitoring cleanup, as well as information about costs associated with the use of the technologies. The following case studies are available:
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Innovative Remediation and Site Characterization Technologies Resources
EPA 542-C-04-002
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Produced by EPA's OSRTI, this CD-ROM contains resources that provide information to help federal, state, and private sector site managers evaluate site assessment and cleanup alternatives. The ability to gain access to resources that provide information about innovative site characterization and remediation technologies will increase the understanding of those technologies and of the cost and performance factors related to them. Such understanding is essential to the consideration of those technologies for use in addressing contamination at hazardous waste sites. The information on the CD-ROM is broken down into seven categories: bulletins, fact sheets, journals, and newsletters; community involvement support; electronic resources; organizations, programs and partnerships; publication clearinghouses; publications; and regulatory resources. Several resources included on the CD-ROM also are available at the Road Map online. Copies of the CD-ROM can be ordered through the NSCEP at P.O. Box 42419, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-2419 or by calling (800) 490-9198 (toll free).
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Innovative Remediation Technologies: Field-Scale Demonstration Projects in North America, 2nd Edition
EPA 542-B-00-004
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EPA's publication, Completed North American Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects, is available in an online, searchable database of ongoing and completed field demonstrations of innovative remediation technologies sponsored by government agencies working in partnership with private technology developers to bring new technologies into the hazardous waste remediation marketplace.
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Institutional Controls: A Site Manager's Guide to Identifying, Evaluating, and Selecting Institutional Controls at Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action Cleanups
EPA 540-F-00-005
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The fact sheet provides site managers and decision-makers at Superfund and RCRA corrective action sites with an overview of the types of institutional controls that commonly are used or implemented and outlines the factors that generally should be considered when evaluating and selecting institutional controls as part of the remedy. The fact sheet also provides guidance to the public and the regulated community in the matter of how EPA intends to evaluate and implement institutional controls as part of cleanup decisions. Detailed descriptions of the different types of institutional controls are provided, as are a glossary and a checklist for implementing institutional controls.
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| InterAgency DNAPL Consortium Home Page
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The Web site is sponsored by the Interagency DNAPL Consortium (IDC). IDC is an alliance of five federal agencies, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), EPA, DOE, the U.S. Navy, and the U.S. Air Force. It reports on the IDC's effort to evaluate and compare the cost and performance of three innovative remediation technologies for the treatment of DNAPLS. The three technologies are being applied for the treatment of trichloroethene (TCE) at Launch Complex 34 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. The three technologies being demonstrated in side-by-side plots at the launch area are chemical oxidation with the use of potassium permanganate, six-phase heating, and dynamic underground stripping.
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| Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council
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ITRC is a state-led coalition working with industry and other stakeholders to achieve regulatory acceptance of environmental technologies. ITRC consists of 43 states, the District of Columbia, multiple federal partners, industry participants, and other stakeholders, cooperating to break down barriers and reduce compliance costs, making it easier to use new technologies, and helping states to maximize resources. ITRC brings together a diverse group of environmental experts and stakeholders from both the public and private sectors to broaden and deepen technical knowledge and to streamline the regulation of new environmental technologies. ITRC has established a team of experts specifically focused on redevelopment issues. ITRC accomplishes its mission in two ways: it develops guidance documents and training courses to meet the needs of both regulators and environmental consultants, and it works with state representatives to ensure that ITRC products and services have maximum impact among state environmental agencies and technology users. ITRC was originated in 1995 based on a previous initiative conducted by the Western Governors' Association (WGA). In January 1999, ITRC became affiliated with the Environmental Research Institute of the States (ERIS). ERIS is a 501(c)3 nonprofit educational subsidiary of the Environmental Council of the States (ECOS). ITRC receives regional support from WGA and the Southern States Energy Board (SSEB) and receives financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and EPA. Brownfields decision-makers will find success stories, guidance documents, training materials, and other information related to the use of innovative technologies developed by ITRC on its Web site at www.ITRCweb.org.
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Introduction to Phytoremediation
EPA 600-R-99-107
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The document provides a tool for regulators, owners, neighbors, and managers to use in evaluating the applicability of phytoremediation to a site. The document defines terms and provides a framework for use in developing an understanding of phytoremediation applications. It is a compilation of information obtained through research and remediation work that has been done to date.
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| ITRC Phytoremediation Decision Tree
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The document, which was produced by the ITRC workgroup, provides a tool that can be used to determine whether phytoremediation can be effective at a given site. It is designed to complement existing phytoremediation documents. It allows the user to use basic information about a specific site, through a flow chart layout, to decide whether phytoremediation is feasible at that site.
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Leak Detection for Landfill Liners: Overview of Tools for Vadose Zone Monitoring
EPA 542-R-98-019
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The report provides a basic summary of tools in current use for detection of leaks in landfill liners. It includes information gathered from a range of currently available sources, including project documents, reports, periodicals, Internet searches, and personal communication with parties involved in such efforts.
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Long-Term Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers Using Zero-Valent Iron: An Evaluation at Two Sites (Environmental Research Brief)
EPA 600-S-02-001
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This environmental research brief, which was developed by EPA ORD, presents findings over the past 4 years at two sites where detailed EPA investigations have focused on the long-term performance of PRBs. The document also examines the field performance of multiple PRBs across the United States.
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| Managing Uncertainty in Environmental Decisions
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This paper was published in Environmental Science and Technology, a publication of the American Chemical Society, in October 2001. The preparation of this paper was coordinated through EPA OSRTI and included input from USACE. The paper discusses the relationship between data quality concepts and improved decision-making for environmental site investigation and cleanup projects. It addresses the context and use of site investigation-related terminology, conventional data quality approaches, and the use of the Triad approach.
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Monitored Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents
EPA 600-F-98-022
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The fact sheet, which was written for a nonscientific audience and intended to assist federal, state, and local regulators in educating the public about complex environmental issues, explains what the term "monitored natural attenuation" means when it is used to describe a potential strategy for remediating a contaminated site. It also describes the various physical, chemical, and biological processes of natural attenuation that may take place at a site contaminated with chlorinated solvents and explains how decision-makers evaluate the role of MNA at a contaminated site.
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Monitored Natural Attenuation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
EPA 600-F-98-021
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The fact sheet, which was written for a nonscientific audience and intended to assist federal, state, and local regulators in educating the public about complex environmental issues, explains what the term "monitored natural attenuation" (MNA) means when it is used to describe a potential strategy for remediating a contaminated site. It also describes the various physical, chemical, and biological processes of natural attenuation that may take place at a site contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and explains how decision-makers evaluate the role of MNA at a contaminated site.
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MtBE Fact Sheet #2: Remediation of MtBE-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater
EPA 510-F-98-002
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Developed by EPA's OUST, the fact sheet describes the physical and chemical characteristics of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MtBE) and identifies alternative technologies for remediating it.
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| MtBE Treatment Profiles
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This Web site is sponsored jointly by EPA's OSRTI and OUST. The searchable Web site contains data on almost 400 completed and ongoing applications of MtBE treatment for drinking water and contaminated media. The treatment profiles describe sites at which technologies (both in situ and ex situ/aboveground) have been used to treat MtBE in groundwater, soil, and drinking water. The technologies include air stripping and sparging, carbon adsorption, bioremediation (in situ and ex situ), in situ chemical oxidation, SVE and dual-phase extraction, and P&T. The profiles include active links to 18 case studies that present more in-depth information about the treatment sites. EPA encourages project managers, site owners, and technology vendors to add new MtBE treatment profiles to the Web site. Once information is provided, it may be updated to add more recent data, add data for more fields, or correct errors in existing data.
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Multi-Phase Extraction: State of the Practice
EPA 542-R-99-004
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The report describes the use of multi-phase extraction (MPE) for the remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater, focusing primarily on the application of MPE at sites at which contamination with halogenated VOCs is present. The report describes MPE technology and the various configurations used for it, indicates the types of site conditions to which MPE is applicable, and discusses the advantages and potential limitations of the use of MPE at such sites. In addition, the report provides information about vendors of MPE and case studies that summarize cost and performance data on applications of the technology at three sites.
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| National Environmental Technology Test Sites
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The National Environmental Technology Test Sites (NETTS) Program was established by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) in 1993 to facilitate the transition of environmental remediation technologies to full-scale use by overcoming the barriers that presently inhibit commercialization of such technologies. SERDP projects focus on five key areas: cleanup, compliance, conservation, pollution prevention, and UXO. The program provides sites for applied research and comparative demonstration and evaluation of innovative and potentially cost-effective cleanup, characterization, and monitoring technologies. These test sites are located at Naval Construction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme, California; Dover Air Force Base, Delaware; and McClellan Air Force Base, Sacramento, California. The NETTS locations offer unique environmental settings, media, and contaminants for field demonstrations at well-characterized test sites as well as the infrastructure and site support required for technology demonstrations. The program provides infrastructure (site preparation, access roads, test pads, offices, laboratories, analytical equipment, drill rigs, field vehicles, utilities, lighting, fencing, and security) and site support (site characterization, demonstration oversight, permitting assistance, and technology transfer assistance). Information about funding opportunities is available at www.serdp.org/funding/funding.html.
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| Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and Practices
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The industrial members of the Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Consortium (bioconsortium) of the RTDF prepared the document to disseminate up-to-date scientific information about natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents. The mission of the RTDF bioconsortium is to accelerate the development of cost-effective bioremediation processes for degrading chlorinated solvents and to achieve public and regulatory acceptance of those processes as safe and effective. The document provides a framework to be used in evaluating natural attenuation of chlorinated VOCs.
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Natural Attenuation of MtBE in the Subsurface under Methanogenic Conditions
EPA 600-R-00-006
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The document presents a case study conducted at the former Fuel Farm Site at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center at Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The case study is intended to answer several questions: Can MtBE be biodegraded under methanogenic conditions in groundwater that was contaminated by a fuel spill? Will biodegradation produce lower concentrations of MtBE than those required under regulatory standards? Is the rate of degradation in the laboratory adequate to explain the distribution of MtBE in the groundwater at the field site? What is the relationship between the degradation of MtBE and the degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds? What is the rate of natural attenuation at the source area?
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| Naval Air Station Pensacola, Optimization of RAO to Treat Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Groundwater
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This summary report, which was prepared by NFESC, describes LTM cost reductions associated with reducing sampling frequency and the number of constituents being analyzed for. The U.S. Navy, in conjunction with regulators, optimized remedial action operation (RAO) at a former sludge drying bed and surge pond site at Naval Air Station (NAS) Pensacola in Florida. The RAO resulted in improvements in the monitoring program, a modification to the remedial strategy, accelerated site cleanup, and significant cost savings.
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| Naval Submarine Base, Kings Bay (In Situ Chemical Oxidation)
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During the early 1990s, a plume of chlorinated solvents was discovered in groundwater moving toward a residential area located near Site 11, Old Camden County Landfill, Naval Submarine Base (NSB), Kings Bay, Georgia. To prevent further off-site contamination, a P&T system was designed and installed to hydraulically contain the plume at the perimeter of the landfill and adjacent to the residential area. An RAO modification reduced long-term P&T for hydraulic containment to a period of less than 2 months after chemical oxidation treatments. Additionally, this modification resulted in savings of more than several million dollars over the life of the remedy. NFESC compiled the summary report to describe system optimization, such as implementing in situ chemical oxidation in addition to P&T in order to reduce contaminant concentrations in source areas. MNA was implemented to address residual concentrations.
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| New England Waste Management Officials (NEWMOA)
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NEWMOA is a nonprofit, nonpartisan interstate association that has a membership composed of the hazardous waste, solid waste, waste site cleanup, and pollution prevention program directors for the environmental agencies in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The Web site includes information on pollution prevention, solid and hazardous waste management, waste site cleanup, and brownfields. NEWMOA's waste site cleanup program focuses on issues of interest to state programs that have responsibility for investigation and remediation of contaminated sites. The waste site cleanup program is working on issues surrounding the redevelopment and reuse of contaminated property and the use of innovative site characterization and remediation technologies. The waste site cleanup program area of the Web site contains NEWMOA waste site cleanup technology advisory opinions, conference presentations and surveys, research briefs, workgroup information, and links to other sites. This resource assists states in developing effective strategies for improving the effectiveness of voluntary site cleanups and the redevelopment of brownfields sites and increases understanding of methods to meet the state program requirements of the new brownfields legislation.
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization/Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (NATO/CCMS) Pilot Study Evaluation of Demonstrated and Emerging Technologies for the Treatment of Contaminated Land and Groundwater (Phase III) 2002 Annual Report
EPA 542-R-02-010
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This document reports on the fourth meeting for the Phase III Pilot Study on the Evaluation of Demonstrated and Emerging Technologies for the Treatment and Clean Up of Contaminated Land and Groundwater. The Phase III study, which concluded in 2002, focused on technologies for treating contaminated land and groundwater. The study addressed issues of sustainability, environmental merit, and cost-effectiveness with continued emphasis on emerging remediation technologies. The objectives of the study were to critically evaluate technologies, promote appropriate use of technologies, use information technology systems to disseminate study products, and foster innovative thinking about contaminated land.
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| OnSite OnLine Tools for Site Assessment
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Developed by EPA's ORD and EPA Region 9, the Web site offers a set of online tools for site assessment, including calculators for formulas, models, unit conversion factors, and scientific demonstrations for use in assessing the effects of contaminants in groundwater.
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| Ordnance and Explosives Mandatory Center of Expertise (MCX) and Design Center
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The mission of the Ordnance and Explosives MCX and Design Center, which is hosted by the U.S. Army Engineering and Support Center in Huntsville, Alabama, is to safely eliminate or reduce risks posed by ordnance, explosives, and recovered chemical warfare materials at current or formerly used defense sites. The Internet site provides links to information about technical requirements for contracting; fact sheets on ordnance and explosives programs; frequently asked questions related to ordnance response actions; innovative technologies, presentations, and technical papers; and technical guidance and procedures related to ordnance and explosives. Points of contact also are identified.
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| OSWER Draft Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air Pathway from Groundwater and Soils (Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance)
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This draft guidance, issued by EPA OSWER, provides current technical and policy recommendations on determining if the vapor intrusion pathway poses an unacceptable risk to human health at cleanup sites. At the time of issuing this draft guidance, OSWER has recommended its use at RCRA Corrective Action sites, Superfund sites and brownfields sites, but not for UST sites. The draft document is intended to serve as an aid in evaluating the potential for human exposure from the vapor intrusion pathway given the state-of-the-science at this time. EPA believes that the document provides relevant information and guidance currently available on the issue of vapor intrusion.
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| Overview of the Phytoremediation of Lead and Mercury
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The report assesses the current state of phytoremediation as an innovative technology and discusses its usefulness and potential in the remediation of lead- and mercury-contaminated soils found at hazardous waste sites. The advantages and disadvantages, limitations, current status, projected market, and environmental concerns associated with this new and innovative technology are discussed. Case studies involving the phytoremediation of lead and mercury detailing bench and full-scale projects are also provided.
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Permeable Reactive Barrier Technologies for Contaminant Remediation
EPA 600-R-98-125
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The document provides information about PRBs in terms of treatable contaminants, designs, feasibility studies, and construction options. Summaries of several current installations also are provided.
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| Permeable Reactive Barriers for Inorganics
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The report provides a summary of information about PRBs for inorganics and a discussion of the current status of such barriers. It contains information gathered from a range of currently available sources, including project documents, reports, periodicals, the Internet, and personal communication with parties involved in projects that use the barriers.
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Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Ground Water at Hazardous Waste Sites
EPA 540-S-01-005
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The issue paper was developed for the EPA Regional Ground Water Forum. The paper provides a concise discussion of the processes associated with the use of phytoremediation as a cleanup or containment technique for remediation of hazardous waste sites, sediment, groundwater, surface water, and wastewater.
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Phytoremediation Resource Guide
EPA 542-B-99-003
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The document aids decision-makers in reviewing the applicability of phytoremediation extraction treatment technologies. The document also provides access information on electronic resources and hotlines; cites relevant federal regulations; and provides abstracts of more than 100 pertinent resources, such as bibliographies, guidance documents, workshop proceedings, overview documents, study and test results, and test designs and protocols. Included is a phytoremediation treatment technology resource matrix that compares the documents by technology type, affected media, and contaminants. The guide also provides detailed information on how to obtain the publications listed.
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| Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance (Phyto-2)
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The document, which was published by ITRC, provides technical and regulatory guidance to help regulators understand, evaluate, and make informed decisions about phytotechnology proposals. The document includes a description of phytotechnologies and discussions of regulatory and policy issues, technical requirements for phytotechnologies, and concerns on the part of stakeholders. It also provides case studies and technical references.
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Pilot Project to Optimize Superfund-Financed Pump and Treat Systems: Summary Report and Lessons Learned
EPA 542-R-02-008 a-u
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This report, which was compiled by EPA, summarizes Phase II (site optimization) of the Nationwide Fund-lead Pump and Treat Optimization Project. This phase included conducting RSEs at the 20 sites selected in Phase I with the purpose of providing recommendations to improve remedy effectiveness, reduce remedy costs, improve technical operations, and gain site close-out. RSEs at 4 of the 20 P&T systems (two in Region 4 and two in Region 5) were previously conducted as part of a demonstration project completed in 2000. The RSE process was developed by USACE.
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Proven Alternatives for Aboveground Treatment of Arsenic in Groundwater
EPA 542-S-02-002
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This issue paper, which was developed for EPA's Engineering Forum, identifies and summarizes experiences with proven aboveground treatment alternatives for arsenic in groundwater and provides information on their relative effectiveness and cost. The four technologies included in the report are precipitation/coprecipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane filtration. The report describes the theory and operation of each technology, provides available project-specific performance and cost data, and discusses limitations. The report also discusses special considerations for retrofitting systems to meet the lower arsenic maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 micrograms per liter (µg/L).
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| Pump and Treat and Air Sparging of Contaminated Groundwater at the Gold Coast Superfund Site, Miami, Florida, September 1998
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Gold Coast Oil Corporation operated as a spent oil and solvent recovery facility from 1970 to 1982 near Miami, Florida, and discharged chlorinated solvents directly onto the soil. DNAPL was also observed in groundwater at this site. The case study report prepared by EPA describes modifications to the P&T extraction system, including enlarging two extraction wells, shutting down the system for 4 months, conducting air sparging in source areas, and adding peroxide to wells for a certain period of time. The report describes the results and cost of implementing these modifications at the site. Cleanup standards were met at this site within approximately 4 years after the system modifications.
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| Pump and Treat and In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater at French Limited Superfund Site, Crosby, Texas, September 1998
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The French Limited site was used as a disposal site for industrial waste material that included chlorinated solvents and organic contaminants such as benzene and chloroform. Active remediation was conducted at the site from January 1992 through December 1995 using groundwater extraction and above-ground treatment; enhanced aquifer flushing through pressure injection of clean water; and accelerated ISB through the addition of oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrate. Source control was achieved through installation of sheet-pile walls around lagoon and DNAPL source areas. The case study report prepared by EPA describes modifications to the treatment system, including adding a second sheet-pile wall around DNAPL. The report also describes the results and cost of implementing these modifications at the site.
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| Pump and Treat and In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater at the Libby Groundwater Superfund Site, Libby, Montana, September 1998
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The Libby site is a former wood-treating facility where widespread creosote and PCP contamination was observed. The remedial strategy at this site was to address the source area by removing the NAPL and to stimulate bioremediation in the downgradient upper-aquifer plume. The three components of the aquifer remedial system included a source area extraction system, an intermediate injection system, and a boundary injection system. The case study report prepared by EPA describes modifications to the extraction and treatment system, including converting to low-shear pumps, abandoning four extraction wells and constructing a new one, and replacing a peroxide aeration system for ISB of source water with a bubbleless system. The report also describes the results and cost of implementing these modifications at the site.
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| Pump and Treat and Permeable Reactive Barrier to Treat Contaminated Groundwater at the Former Intersil, Inc. Site, Sunnyvale, California, September 1998
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The Former Intersil, Inc., site housed a semiconductor manufacturer that caused groundwater in the area to be contaminated with chlorinated solvents. A P&T system was operated at this site from 1987 until 1995. After the mass removal by the P&T system had asymptotically declined, a PRB was selected as an alternative technology. The case study report prepared by EPA describes modifications to the P&T system, including upgrading the system and switching to a PRB in 1995. The report also describes the results and cost of implementing these two technologies at the site.
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| Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the Mid-South Wood Products Superfund Site, Mena, Arkansas, September 1998
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The Mid-South Wood Products site was contaminated with PCP, PAHs, and heavy metals. DNAPL and LNAPL were observed in groundwater at the site. The case study report developed by EPA describes modifications to the site extraction and treatment system, including removing five extraction wells, continuously adjusting the pumping schedule for the extraction wells, and adding a carbon treatment system for 1 year. The system optimization was performed after 8 years of systems operation, and groundwater contamination was reduced to one localized area of concern. The report also describes the results and cost of implementing P&T at the site.
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| Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the SCRDI Dixiana Superfund Site, Cayce, South Carolina, September 1998
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The SCRDI Dixiana site, a former industrial waste storage facility contaminated with chlorinated solvents, provided a cleanup challenge because of its complex hydrogeology. The case study report compiled by EPA describes modifications to the site extraction and treatment system, including adding a collection trench, reducing the number of extraction wells by five, and replacing the tower air-stripper with a shallow air stripper. The report also describes the results and cost of implementing P&T at the site.
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| Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the Solid State Circuits Superfund Site, Republic, Missouri, September 1998
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The Solid State Circuits site is a former manufacturing facility contaminated with chlorinated solvents. The groundwater, which was characterized as a leaky artesian system occurring in karst formations with shallow and deep bedrock zones, posed a cleanup challenge. A P&T system was operated at the site for several years, but cleanup goals were not achieved. Hence, the system had to be modified in order to enhance its performance. The case study report prepared by EPA describes modifications to the extraction and treatment system, including adding three extraction wells off site to contain the plume and electronically linking the air stripper blower to transfer pumps so that the blower would shut off when the pumps were not operating. The report also describes the results and cost of implementing P&T at the site.
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| Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the United Chrome Superfund Site, Corvallis, Oregon, September 1998
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The United Chrome Superfund site is a former industrial hard chrome plating facility where chromium contamination was widespread. The case study report prepared by EPA describes modifications to the site extraction and treatment system, including turning off some extraction wells, flushing some areas, sending untreated water to a Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW), and injecting deep aquifer water into the upper aquifer. The report also describes the results and cost of implementing P&T at the site.
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| Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the Western Processing Superfund Site, Kent, Washington, September 1998
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The Western Processing site was operated as a waste processing facility from 1961 to 1983. Over 400 businesses transported industrial wastes to the site to be stored, reclaimed, or buried. The original approach to groundwater treatment at this site was an aggressive effort to fully restore the site to its original condition within 7 years. Restoration was a priority, and high costs were incurred to achieve this goal, including high P&T system operating costs. After 8 years of P&T, the goal of restoration was changed to containment based on the technical impracticability of achieving full restoration. This case study report prepared by EPA describes modifications to extraction and treatment system, including discontinuing operation of 210 shallow well points, installing deep wells, and adding metal precipitation to the treatment system. The report also describes the results and cost of implementing P&T at the site.
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Quality Assurance Guidance for Conducting Brownfields Site Assessments
EPA 540-R-98-038
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The document informs brownfields site managers about concepts and issues related to QA and provides step-by-step instructions for identifying the type and quality of environmental data needed to present a clear picture of the environmental conditions at a given site.
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Rapid Commercialization Initiative Final Report for an Integrated In Situ Remediation Technology (LasagnaTM)
DOE/OR/22459-1
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This report describes demonstration results for the Lasagna process, a process which uses established geotechnical methods to install degradation zones in contaminated soil and electrosmosis to move the contaminants back and forth through these zones until treatment is completed.
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| RCRA Online
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RCRA Online is an online database that provides users access to thousands of letters, memoranda, and questions and answers issued by EPA's Office of Solid Waste (OSW). The documents indexed in the database represent past EPA Headquarters interpretations of the RCRA regulations governing management of solid, hazardous, and medical wastes. Users can retrieve documents through topical, full text, and advanced search functions and can view the actual text of documents identified in a search. Detailed instructions on how to use the database are provided, as are tips for conducting searches. RCRA Online is available online at www.epa.gov/rcraonline. An updated pdf version of the RCRA Online brochure (EPA 530-F-03-011) is provided on the Road Map at www.brownfieldstsc.org.
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Relationship Between SW-846, PBMS, and Innovative Analytical Technologies
EPA 542-R-01-015
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This paper, which was developed by EPA OSRTI in collaboration with EPA OSW, explains and documents EPA's position regarding testing methods (such as SW-846) used in waste programs and the relationship between regulatory flexibility regarding analytical methods and the use of on-site measurements to improve the cost-effectiveness of contaminated site cleanups. The paper also explains the advantages of a performance-based approach to analytical methods and the use of performance-based measurement systems (PBMS) within EPA programs. The Triad approach to site investigation and characterization, which is based on PBMS principles, also is briefly discussed. This paper will assist brownfields stakeholders by providing information and references that address flexibility and more affordable approaches to performing analyses at contaminated sites.
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| Remedial Action Operation Optimization Case Study: Eastern Groundwater Plume, New Brunswick, Maine
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This case study report, which was prepared by NFESC, includes an effectiveness evaluation for the Eastern Groundwater Plume P&T system at NAS Brunswick in Maine. The primary purpose of the evaluation is to assess the ongoing RAO program for this system and to provide recommendations for attainment of site remedial action objectives and site closure.
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| Remedial Technology Development Forum (RTDF)
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RTDF, which was established in 1992, is a public-private partnership that undertakes research, development, demonstration, and evaluation efforts focused on finding innovative technologies to remediate and to characterize contaminated sites. RTDF includes partners from industry, several federal and state government agencies, and academia who voluntarily share their knowledge, experience, equipment, facilities, and even proprietary technology to achieve common cleanup goals. The RTDF includes eight action teams: Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Consortium, In-Place Inactivation and Natural Ecological Restoration Technologies (IINERT) Soil Metals Action Team, NAPL Cleanup Alliance, Phytoremediation of Organics Action Team, Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB) Action Team, Sediments Remediation Action Team, Lasagna Partnership (inactive), and In Situ Flushing Action Team (inactive). RTDF provides updated information on the technologies addressed by these teams and other innovative approaches to site characterization and treatment.
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| Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide, Version 4.0
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The document, which was developed by FRTR, is intended to help site remediation project managers to narrow the field of remediation alternatives and identify potentially applicable technologies for more detailed assessment and evaluation before remedy selection. The document is divided into five sections: Introduction, Contaminant Perspectives, Treatment Perspectives, Treatment Technology Profiles, and References. The document summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of innovative and conventional technologies for remediation of soils, sediments, sludges, groundwater, surface water, and air emissions and off-gases; it focuses primarily on demonstrated technologies. Treatment, containment, separation of wastes, and enhanced recovery technologies are covered. Additional information resources also are included.
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Remediation Technology Cost Compendium - Year 2000
EPA 542-R-01-009
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This cost compendium, which was prepared by EPA's OSRTI, captures current information about the costs of the following six remediation technologies: (1) bioremediation, (2) thermal desorption, (3) SVE, (4) on-site incineration, (5) groundwater P&T systems, and (6) PRBs. Cost data were obtained from federal agency sources, including case studies and reports prepared by the FRTR; DOE's Los Alamos National Laboratory; the USACE Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Center for Expertise; and the U.S. Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (AFCEE). The report includes six sections, each of which describes the cost analysis for one of the six technologies. Each of the sections includes a brief description of the technology, a discussion of the methodology used in the cost analysis, and the results of the cost analysis.
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Resource for MGP Site Characterization and Remediation: Expedited Site Characterization and Source Remediation at Former Manufactured Gas Plant Sites
EPA 542-R-00-005
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The document provides current information about useful approaches and tools being applied at former manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites to the regulators and utilities that are engaged in characterizing and remediating these sites. The document outlines site management strategies and field tools for expediting site characterization at MGP sites; presents a summary of existing technologies for remediating MGP wastes in soils; provides sufficient information about the benefits, limitations, and costs of each technology, tool, or strategy for comparison and evaluation; and provides, through case studies, examples of the ways in which those tools and strategies can be implemented at MGP sites.
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Resources for Strategic Site Investigation and Monitoring
EPA 542-F-01-030B
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The document is a concise guide to resources, both existing and planned, that support new, streamlined approaches to site investigation and monitoring. It describes training courses available, including some that are downloadable; lists sources of information about available technologies and guidance documents available through EPA programs; and provides sources of information about technology verification and demonstration efforts. The guide also lists a number of Web sites from which related publications and software can be downloaded. The document can be downloaded from CLU-IN under "Publications."
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Reuse Assessments: A Tool to Implement the Superfund Land Use Directive
OSWER Directive 9355.7-06P
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This memorandum, which was signed on June 4, 2001, by EPA's OERR, presents information that supports the development of assumptions related to future land use when making remedy selection decisions for response actions conducted at Superfund sites. The Reuse Assessment guide, which provides information about the collection and evaluation of information for developing assumptions, and the Superfund Land Use Directive, which provides basic information about developing and using future land use assumptions to support Superfund remedial actions, are included as attachments to the directive.
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| Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments
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The report, prepared by the National Research Council's Committee on the Remediation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments under an EPA grant, reviews the nature of the challenge involved in the management of sediments contaminated with PCBs; provides an overview of current knowledge about the inputs, fates, and effects of PCBs; recommends a risk-based framework for use in assessing remediation technologies and risk-management strategies; and elaborates on the framework as it is applicable specifically to sediments contaminated with PCBs.
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| Sensor Technology Information Exchange (SenTIX)
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SenTIX serves as a forum to exchange information about sensor technologies and needs. The purpose of the Web site is to serve as a tool to assist those working in the environmental field in cleaning up hazardous waste. The submit and search functions of SenTIX can assist users who are looking for a sensor technology to meet a specific need. The discussion forum also matches developers, vendors, and users. Users can provide sensor-related information online. The site was developed by WPI, a nonprofit organization, under a cooperative agreement with EPA.
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Site Characterization Library, Version 3.0
EPA 600/C/05/001
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The Site Characterization Library (Library), which was created by EPA's ORD, National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL), Environmental Sciences Division (ESD) in Las Vegas, Nevada, provides a centralized, field-portable source for site characterization information. EPA has compiled this compendium in electronic form on both CD-ROM and DVD. The resources contained in the Library were recommended by experts in the field of site characterization and are classified into the following four types: Web sites, audiovisual resources, documents, and software. Version 3.0 of the Library contains over 36,000 pages of guidance in the form of pdf files, software programs, video files, and Web links. It includes 400 documents, 80 Web links, 54 software programs, and 11 audiovisual files. The audio and video files are new to Version 3.0 and contain Internet training seminars relating to site characterization and monitoring technologies and approaches. An alphabetical index of all the resources in this Library is included to enable users to locate resources by title. A section on the Triad approach provides easy access to information on this innovative site characterization methodology. A limited number of copies of Version 3.0 of the Library are available free of charge by mail from either of the following locations: EPA NSCEP, P.O. Box 42419, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-2419, telephone: (513) 489-8190 or (800) 490-9198, fax: (513) 489-8695; or EPA NERL, ERD/ORD, P.O. Box 93478, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-3478, telephone: (702) 798-2365 or (702)798-2207, e-mail: support.cmb@epa.gov.
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Site Characterization Technologies for DNAPL Investigations
EPA 542-R-04-017
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Compiled by EPA's OSRTI, this resource provides a summary of information about the current state of technologies available for locating and characterizing DNAPL contaminated sites. This report may be used by remediation site managers to identify suitable characterization technologies for potential or confirmed DNAPL contamination, screen the technologies for potential application, learn about technology applications at similar sites, and locate additional information on these technologies. The report describes both geophysical and non-geophysical characterization technologies as well as characterization technologies under evaluation.
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Site Remediation Technology InfoBase: A Guide to Federal Programs, Information Resources, and Publications on Contaminated Site Cleanup Technologies, Second Edition
EPA 542-B-00-005
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Prepared by the member agencies of FRTR, the guide identifies programs, resources, and publications of the federal government related to technologies for the cleanup of contaminated sites.
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Solidification/Stabilization Use at Superfund Sites
EPA 542-R-00-010
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The report provides to interested stakeholders, such as project managers, technology service providers, consulting engineers, site owners, and the general public, the most recent information about S/S applications at Superfund sites as well as information about trends in the use of the technology, specific types of applications, and costs.
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| State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) Internet Site
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The SCRD Internet site, which is supported by EPA's OSRTI, provides extensive information about state remediation programs and resources related to the remediation of dry cleaner sites. Descriptions of state programs and points of contact in each of the member states are provided. Publications, regulations, and other documents are identified as well. Brownfields stakeholders involved in the assessment and cleanup of dry cleaner sites in Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin may be particularly interested in the detailed information provided about programs in those states. Profiles of the remediation of specific sites throughout the United States are intended to assist users, particularly state officials, in making more informed decisions related to the remediation of sites in their states, and, when possible, to provide additional resources. Publications developed by the SCRD, as well as state and federal resources pertinent to issues associated with dry cleaner sites, can be viewed online or downloaded at no charge.
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| Study of Assessment and Remediation Technologies for Dry Cleaner Sites
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Prepared by SCRD with the support of EPA's OSRTI, the report presents the results of the coalition's evaluation of assessment and remediation technologies commonly used in cleaning up dry cleaner sites. The evaluation was based on the results of responses to questionnaires sent to entities involved in such cleanups in 1999. The report presents those results in detail. An appendix in the report provides descriptions and brief evaluations of assessment technologies frequently used at dry cleaner sites.
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| Subsurface Containment and Monitoring Systems: Barriers and Beyond (Overview Report)
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The document provides a summary of information about subsurface barriers vertical and horizontal with an emphasis on emerging and innovative vertical barrier technologies. It also presents a discussion of the current status of such barriers. The report is not intended to be inclusive; it merely provides an overview of the current work in the field on subsurface barrier technologies drawn from information gathered from a range of sources, including project documents, reports, periodicals, the Internet, and personal communication with parties involved in projects that use such barriers.
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Subsurface Remediation: Improving Long-Term Monitoring and Remedial Systems Performance Conference Proceedings, June 1999
EPA 540-B-00-002
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The document, which was compiled by EPA's OSRTI, summarizes the presentations made and workshops conducted during a conference on improving long-term monitoring (LTM) and the performance of remedial systems. The conference, sponsored and developed by FRTR, took place in St. Louis, Missouri, from June 8 through 11, 1999. The conference provided up-to-date information about LTM and system optimization through presentations and topical workshops.
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| Superfund and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act Call Center
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The Superfund and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Call Center is a publicly accessible service that provides up-to-date information on several EPA programs. The Call Center responds to factual questions about federal regulations related to the following program areas:
EPCRA
Risk Management Program regulations under the Clean Air Act (CAA)
CERCLA or Superfund
Spill prevention, control, and countermeasure (SPCC) plans and oil pollution prevention regulations under the Clean Water Act (CWA)
The Call Center operates Monday through Friday, 9:00 am to 5:00 pm Eastern Standard Time (EST). The center can be reached by telephone at (800) 424-9346 from all nongovernment locations outside the Washington, DC, metropolitan local calling area or at (703) 412-9810 from all locations in the Washington, DC, metropolitan local calling area.
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| Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program Demonstration Reports
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An extensive inventory of reports of the evaluation of measurement and monitoring technologies in the SITE Program is available to assist decision-makers in reviewing technology options and assessing a technology's applicability to a particular site. The reports evaluate all information about a technology; provide an analysis of its overall applicability to site characteristics, waste types, and waste matrices; and present testing procedures, performance and cost data, and QA/QC standards. The Demonstration Bulletins provide summarized descriptions of technologies and announcements of demonstrations. The Innovative Technology Evaluation Reports provide full reports of the demonstration results, including technical data useful to decision-makers. The Emerging Technology Program Reports describe emerging innovative technologies and are developed under the terms of a cooperative agreement between the technology developer and EPA.
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| Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Technology Profiles, Eleventh Edition
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Developed by EPA's SITE Program, these documents (contained in three volumes) provide profiles of more than 150 demonstration, emerging, and monitoring and measurement technologies currently being evaluated. Each technology profile identifies the developer and process name of the technology, describes the technology, discusses its applicability to waste, and provides a project status report and contact information. The profiles also include summaries of demonstration results, if available. The following volumes are available:
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Demonstration Program, Volume 1 (EPA 540-R-03-501)
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Emerging Technology Program, Volume 2 (EPA 540-R-03-501A)
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Monitoring and Measurement Program, Volume 3 (EPA 540-R-03-501B)
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| Superfund Representative Sampling Guidance
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In this December 1995 EPA Superfund guidance, readers learn about the variables that relate to site-specific conditions, sampling design approaches, and techniques for collection and preparation of representative samples. The guidance also discusses the importance of the conceptual site model (CSM). Accuracy of sampling data is critical for project managers and field personnel to accurately characterize actual site conditions when identifying threats, delineating the sources and extent of contamination, and confirming the achievement of cleanup standards. The guidance is available in five volumes covering soil (EPA 540-R-95-141), water (publication number not available), waste (EPA 540-R-95-141), air (EPA 540-R-95-140), and biological materials (EPA 540-R-97-028).
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Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR) Implementation Manual
TR-2219-ENV
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This implementation manual, which was prepared by Intera Inc. and NFESC, is designed to familiarize RPMs, engineers, and scientists working on environmental remediation projects with the major tasks and planning parameters involved in implementing an in situ surfactant flood or SEAR project to remove DNAPLs. The manual is intended to help users understand basic design and implementation issues, attain remedial objectives, and follow risk management methodologies and approaches in order to avoid misapplication of surfactant flooding for DNAPL removal.
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| Sustainable Management Approaches and Revitalization Tools - electronic (SMARTe)
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The SMARTe web-based decision support tool is a cooperative effort of EPA, ITRC, and the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research. It is designed to aid stakeholders in identifying, applying, and integrating tools and technologies to facilitate the revitalization of potentially contaminated sites in the United States. Currently, SMARTe contains information and databases that allow project stakeholders to assess both market and non-market costs and benefits of redevelopment options, clarify private and public financing options, evaluate and communicate environmental risks and opportunities, and access relevant state-specific information. By October 2007, SMARTe will use expert system technology to integrate environmental, social and economic issues in a multi-criteria decision analysis so that stakeholders can evaluate alternative reuse scenarios.
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| Tax Credits and Deductions for Expensing Environmental Remediation Costs (Section 198)
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Section 198 of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. §198 (A)(1)(B)(VI)) describes the expensing of costs related to environmental remediation of qualified contaminated sites. As the code specifies, taxpayers are permitted to treat any qualified environmental remediation expense as an expense that is not chargeable to a capital account; such an expenditure can be treated as a deduction for the taxable year in which it is paid or incurred. In general, a qualified remediation expenditure is an expenditure paid or incurred in connection with abatement or control of hazardous substances at a qualified contaminated site. The specific terms and qualifications are described in Section 198 of the Internal Revenue Code.
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| TechDirect
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TechDirect, which is hosted by EPA's OSRTI, is a free e-mail service that highlights new publications and events of interest for site assessment and remediation professionals. At the beginning of every month, the service e-mails a message describing the availability of publications and announcing events. For publications, the message explains how to obtain a hard copy or how to download an electronic version. Interested persons may subscribe online at www.clu-in.org/techdrct.
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| TechKnowTM Database
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Developed by the Global Network of Environment and Technology (GNET), TechKnow is an online, interactive database that allows users to gain access to and provide information about innovative and sustainable technologies. For each technology profiled, a summary, development information, status, and cost is provided. The Internet site also provides contact information for the technologies. Users may access the TechKnow database at www.techknow.org. There is no cost to use TechKnow, but users are required to register on GNET.
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| Technical and Regulatory Guidance for Surfactant/Cosolvent Flushing of DNAPL Source Zones
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This guidance, which was prepared by ITRC, provides technical and regulatory information for those involved in selecting and implementing surfactant and cosolvent flushing as a remedial action for DNAPLs. The guidance describes the technology and discusses the major factors that need to be considered in evaluating design and implementation work plans for surfactant and cosolvent flushing of DNAPLs.
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| Technical and Regulatory Guidance for the Triad Approach: A New Paradigm for Environmental Project Management
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This document, which was prepared by ITRC's Sampling, Characterization and Monitoring (SCM) Team, introduces the Triad approach as an integrated package of concepts leading to modernized practices for conducting contaminated site work. It explains the relationship of the Triad to existing approaches such as the DQO process, lists the advantages and disadvantages of the Triad, and notes regulatory and organizational barriers that may present obstacles to its use.
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| Technical and Regulatory Requirements for Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater
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The report, which was published by ITRC, describes enhanced in situ bioremediation (EISB) and examines the circumstances under which its application is appropriate. It also discusses related regulatory and policy issues, such as the ban under RCRA on land disposal and technical requirements for implementation of EISB.
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Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Ground Water
EPA 600-R-98-128
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The report provides guidance for environmental managers about the steps that must be taken to understand the rate and extent to which natural processes are reducing contaminant concentrations at sites that are contaminated by chlorinated solvents. Data collected with this protocol can be used to evaluate natural attenuation through biological processes as part of a protective overall site remedy. The protocol is the result of a collaborative field and laboratory research effort involving researchers from EPA ORD, the U.S. Air Force, and the U.S. Geological Survey.
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Technologies for Treating MtBE and Other Fuel Oxygenates
EPA 542-R-04-009
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This report, which was developed by EPA's OSRTI, provides an overview of the treatment technologies used to remediate groundwater, soil, and drinking water contaminated with MtBE and other fuel oxygenates. The treatment methods discussed include air sparging, SVE, MPE, in situ and ex situ bioremediation, in situ chemical oxidation, P&T, and drinking water treatment. Information in the report can be used to help evaluate these technologies based on their effectiveness at specific sites. The report summarizes available performance and cost information for these technologies, provides examples of where each has been used, and identifies additional sources of information.
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| Technology Status Review: In Situ Oxidation
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This report, which was published by ESTCP, provides a survey of sites where in situ oxidation (ISO) has been used. The overall objective of the project summarized in the report was to assess the current status of ISO and determine what additional information is needed to understand the site conditions for which ISO is appropriate.
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| The Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Sites
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The technology assessment report discusses the use of bioremediation and phytoremediation for the cleanup of sites contaminated with pesticides. It provides information about the current status of the two technologies to federal and state agencies, consulting engineering firms, private industries, and technology developers.
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| Toxic Substances Control Act Assistance Information Service
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The information service provides technical assistance and information regarding programs implemented under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act (ASHAA), the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA), the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Reauthorization Act (ASHARA), the Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act (Title X of TSCA), and EPA's 33/50 program. The information service operates Monday through Friday, 8:30 am to 5:00 pm EST. The information service can be reached by telephone at (202)554-1404, by fax at (202) 554-5603, or by e-mail at tsca-hotline@epa.gov.
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| Training Information
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Training courses and programs that can be useful for brownfields stakeholders, particularly those involved in technology selection, are identified below.
EPA's Training-Exchange (TRAINEX), an Internet site that provides a range of training information for representatives of federal, state, local, and tribal agencies, is intended primarily for individuals involved in hazardous waste management and remediation. The site provides information about more than 65 classroom and Internet-based classes as well as schedules for their delivery. Visit the TRAINEX Web site at www.trainex.org for additional information.
EPA's "Streamlined Investigation and Cleanups Using the Triad Approach" training course is a moderate to advanced-level training program that provides participants an introduction to a wide array of innovative technologies and approaches that can be used to characterize hazardous waste sites. The class stresses the importance of the planning process and the use of field-based measurement technologies and on-site data assessment techniques. Participants will be introduced to the Triad approach and methods for better understanding, planning, and implementing monitoring strategies to improve cleanup at lower costs. In addition, participants will be provided an overview of several of the field analytical and rapid sampling technologies that can support streamlined measurement approaches. For information about the program and the schedule for its delivery, visit the TRAINEX Web site at www.trainex.org; select "CERCLA Education Center (CEC)."
Information about upcoming courses provided by a variety of federal and nonfederal organizations is provided on OSRTI's CLU-IN Web site at www.clu-in.org; select "Courses and Conferences" under "What's Hot? What's New?"
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) also offers many technical and professional training opportunities, such as training on environmental site assessment processes, that may be of interest to brownfields decision-makers. For more information, visit ASTM's Web site at www.astm.org/TRAIN.
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Treatment Experiences at RCRA Corrective Actions
EPA 542-F-00-020
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The fact sheet summarizes information about the use of treatment technologies at 30 RCRA corrective action sites. It focuses on ongoing or completed cleanups of contaminated soil or groundwater at RCRA sites for which key information, such as the type of technology used and the point of contact, was available. The sites illustrate the types of cleanups conducted at RCRA corrective action sites; they are not intended to be representative of all cleanups conducted under RCRA.
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Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (Eleventh Edition)
EPA 542-R-03-009
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This report, which was developed by EPA, documents the status and achievements (as of March 2003) of treatment technology applications for soil, other solid wastes, and groundwater at Superfund sites. The data in this report were gathered from Superfund records of decision (ROD) from fiscal years (FY) 1982 through 2002, close-out reports (COR) from FYs 1983 through 2002, and project managers at Superfund remedial action sites. The report examines in situ and ex situ treatment technologies for soil, sludge, sediment, other solid matrix wastes, and NAPLs; in situ and ex situ P&T groundwater treatment technologies; vertical engineered barriers (VEB); and the selection of MNA remedies for groundwater. This edition of the annual status report summarizes 1,811 technology applications identified for Superfund remedial actions. EPA created a searchable, online system to allow access to the data that form the basis for this report. This searchable system is available at http://cfpub.epa.gov/asr/.
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| Triad Resource Center
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The Triad is an innovative approach to decision-making for hazardous waste site characterization and remediation. The Triad approach employs new characterization and treatment tools, using work strategies developed by innovative and successful site professionals. The Triad Resource Center provides the information that hazardous waste site managers and cleanup practitioners need to implement the Triad approach effectively. The Triad Web site provides an overview of Triad; information on its management, regulatory, and technical components; user experiences; and references and resources for additional information. For additional information on Triad, visit the Web site at www.triadcentral.org.
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| Tri-Service Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System-SCAPS: Innovative Environmental Technology from Concept to Commercialization
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The report, which was published by the U.S. Army Environmental Center, summarizes the development, field demonstration, and regulatory acceptance activities associated with the SCAPS technologies that are used to detect, identify, and quantify subsurface contamination in soil and groundwater.
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| U.S. Department of Defense: Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP)
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SERDP is an environmental research and development program planned and executed and in full partnership with DOE and EPA with the participation of numerous other federal and nonfederal organizations. Within its broad areas of interest, the program focuses on cleanup, compliance, conservation, pollution prevention, and UXO technologies. SERDP provides demonstration opportunities through the NETTS Program and encourages technology transfer through an annual technical symposium and workshop. SERDP funds environmental research and development by both government and private sector parties. Additional information about SERDP funding may be obtained at www.serdp.org/funding/funding.html. Users can access detailed performance and cost information for completed demonstrations at the SERDP Web site. Users may also subscribe to a mailing list for quarterly SERDP updates.
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| Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program
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The federal UIC Program works with state and local governments to prevent contamination of drinking water resources caused by the underground injection of waste. Among the wastes the UIC program regulates are more than nine billion gallons of hazardous waste every year; more than two billion gallons of brine from oil and gas operations every day; and automotive, industrial, sanitary and other wastes that are injected into shallow aquifers.
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Underground Storage Tanks and Brownfields Sites
EPA 510-F-00-004
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The fact sheet focuses on EPA's "USTfields" Initiative for addressing brownfields properties at which redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination originating from federally regulated USTs. The fact sheet describes the 50 pilot projects implemented or to be implemented under the two phases of the initiative.
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Use of Field-Scale Phytotechnology for Chlorinated Solvents, Metals, Explosives/ Propellants and Pesticides - Status Update
EPA 542-R-05- 002
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This status report, which was published by EPA OSRTI, provides information about 79 phytotechnology projects conducted at sites in the United States and Canada, including Superfund sites and federal and military sites that are being addressed under state, local, or voluntary cleanup programs. These projects involved treatment of soil or groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents, metals, explosives and propellants, and pesticides. The document is meant to be a networking tool for federal, state, and industrial employees to share lessons learned from and practical experiences with field-scale applications of phytotechnology.
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Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground Storage Tank Sites
OSWER Directive 9200.4-17P
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The policy directive, which was issued on April 21, 1999, provides guidance to the staff of EPA, the public, and the regulated community on how EPA intends to exercise its discretion in implementing national policy on the use of monitored natural attenuation for the remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater at sites regulated under the programs of EPA's OSWER.
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Using Dynamic Field Activities for On-Site Decision-Making: A Guide for Project Managers
EPA 540-R-03-002
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This document, which was developed by EPA, provides environmental cleanup professionals with guidance on how to use an on-site decision-making process to streamline field work at contaminated sites. This guidance focuses on how project managers can use dynamic work planning and field-based analytical methods to meet project goals and streamline site activities. Also included are examples of sites where this process has been successfully implemented.
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| Vapor Intrusion Issues at Brownfields Sites
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This background document, prepared by the ITRC, is designed to help stakeholders involved with redevelopment projects to develop a consistent approach to vapor intrusion evaluation, regulatory approval, and deployment of specific technologies at specific sites. The document provides an overview of vapor intrusion, the type of contaminants that may have vapor intrusion potential, the possibility of brownfields sites to have indoor air exposure from vapor intrusion, and the steps that can be taken to limit such exposure. The document provides an international perspective on the problem by including information about vapor intrusion problems and case studies of affected sites in Germany.
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