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Site Investigation
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| Identify the Source, Nature, and Extent of Contamination |
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The site investigation phase focuses on confirming whether any contamination
exists at a site, locating any contamination, and characterizing the nature
and extent of that contamination. It is essential that an appropriately
detailed study of the site be performed to identify the cause, nature,
and extent of contamination and the possible threats to the environment
or to any people living or working nearby. For brownfields sites, the
results of such a study can be used in determining goals for cleanup,
quantifying risks, determining acceptable and unacceptable risk, and developing
effective cleanup plans that minimize delays or costs in the redevelopment
and reuse of property. To ensure that sufficient information is obtained
to support future decisions, the proposed cleanup measures and the proposed
end use of the site should be considered when identifying data needs during
the site investigation.
A site investigation, also referred to as an ASTM Phase II environmental
site assessment, is based on the results of the site assessment, which
is discussed in the preceding
section of the Road Map. The site investigation phase may include
the analysis of samples of soil and soil gas, groundwater, surface water,
and sediment. The migration pathways of contaminants also are examined
during this phase, and a baseline risk assessment may be needed to calculate
risk to human health and the environment. Examples of sampling and analysis
technologies that may be useful during this phase are presented in Table
A-2, Technologies for Analyzing Contaminants at Brownfields Sites.
During site investigation, use of the Triad
approach allows decision-makers to implement a strategy that is flexible
and meets the needs of the site. Use of systematic planning can result
in lower overall project costs. Use of dynamic working strategies can
reduce or eliminate the need for multiple mobilizations on a site to reach
closeout. For brownfields sites, where decision-making is closely tied
to economic constraints and public acceptance, increased information value
obtained using real-time measurement technologies collaboratively with
definitive fixed laboratory methods for data collection will provide stakeholders
with the confidence they need at a reduced cost. Reducing project costs
and schedules to obtain closure means that more dormant or abandoned sites
may become economically viable for redevelopment.
| What Do We Need to Know? |
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|
Highlights of Field Analytical Technologies
and Mobile Laboratories
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| Field
Analytical Technologies: Field analytical technologies, often
referred to as “field analytics,” can be used on site without the
absolute need for a mobile laboratory. Some field analytical technologies
are very sophisticated and can yield quantitative results that are
comparable to those obtained by analysis in mobile or off-site laboratories.
Some field analytical measurements can be made quickly, allowing a
high rate of sampling. Under certain conditions, data can be collected
in a short period of time. Field analytical technologies are implemented
through the use of hand-held instruments, such as the portable gas
chromatography and mass spectrometry and the x-ray fluorescence analyzer,
as well as the use of bench procedures, such as colorimetric and immunoassay
tests. |
| Mobile Laboratories: A variety
of technologies can be used in a mobile laboratory. Such technologies
differ from field analytical technologies because they may require
more controlled conditions (such as temperature, humidity, and source
of electricity) or complex sample preparation that uses solvents or
reagents that require special handling or protective equipment that
require the handling and storage of chemical standards. Technologies
adaptable to mobile laboratories include those used to analyze soil
and water samples for inorganic analytes (such as anodic stripping
voltammetry) and organic compounds (such as gas chromatography with
a variety of detectors). When operated properly and with adequate
quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC), the technologies
can achieve quantitative results equal to those achieved by off-site
analytical laboratories. |
Factors that should be considered during the site investigation, if there
is evidence of potential or actual contamination include:
- Will the site be entered into a state voluntary cleanup program (VCP)?
If so, will the investigation plan be reviewed through the VCP? If not,
are there federal, state, local, and tribal regulatory requirements
applicable to the site investigation? What agency will be responsible
for managing oversight of this phase? What is to be done if the appropriate
agency has not developed standards or guidelines that are suitable for
the proposed redevelopment?
- What technologies are available to facilitate site investigation and
to support data collection relevant to the goals of the project? Has
the technical team explored the full range of technologies that can
produce data of the quality necessary? Can the technologies selected
limit the number of mobilizations at the site?
- Can the need for cleanup be assessed fully and accurately from the
information gathered during the site assessment or from a previous site
investigation?
- What issues has the community raised that may affect the site investigation?
- What are the potential exposure pathways? Who or what could be affected
by the contamination or the efforts to clean up the contamination?
- What happens if significant contamination is found? What happens if
contamination poses a "significant threat" to local residents?
- What happens if the contamination is originating from an adjacent
or other off-site source? What happens if background sampling indicates
that contamination is originating from a naturally occurring source?
- Are the infrastructure systems (roads, buildings, sewers, and other
facilities) contaminated? Could they be affected by efforts to clean
up contamination?
| How
Do We Find the Answers? |
|
Typical activities that may be conducted during the site investigation
phase include:
- Identify the proper mix of technologies (such as field measurement
technologies that characterize the physical and chemical aspects of
the site and fixed laboratory sampling methods) that can facilitate
site investigations and meet the required level of data quality:
- Ensure that the laboratory has appropriate detection limits
for analytes
- Determine the environmental conditions at the site (for example, by
performing an ASTM Phase II environmental site assessment or equivalent
investigation that includes tests to confirm the locations and identities
of environmental hazards):
- Conduct sampling and analysis to determine the nature, extent,
source, and significance of the contamination that may be present
at the site
- Conduct sampling and analysis to fully assess the physical,
geophysical, and ecological conditions and characteristics of the
site
- Interpret the results of the analysis to characterize site
conditions
- Determine whether and how (if applicable) the infrastructure
systems (including existing structures) are affected by contamination
- Assess the risk the site may pose to human health and the environment.
Consider the exposure pathways of direct contact, ingestion, or inhalation
of soil and dust, water, and air.
- Depending on state regulatory requirements, consider the use of a
site-specific risk assessment to identify cleanup levels when that approach
may result in more reasonable cleanup standards or when cleanup standards
have not been developed
- Examine unacceptable environmental conditions in terms of initial
costs for site improvement and long-term costs for annual operation
and maintenance — include potential cleanup options and constraints
that may affect redevelopment requirements, such as project schedules,
costs, and potential for achieving the desired reuse
- Revise assumptions about the site based on data collected at the site
- Begin consideration of sources of funding for site investigation and
cleanup activities such as state Brownfields Programs and federal tax
credits:
- Continue to work with appropriate regulatory agencies to ensure that
regulatory requirements are being properly addressed:
- Identify and consult with the appropriate federal, state, local,
and tribal agencies to include them as early as possible in the
decision-making process
- Educate members of the community about the site investigation process
and actively involve them in decision-making; consider risk communication
techniques to facilitate those activities
| Where Do We Find Answers to Our Technology Questions? |
|
Show all resources as one list
Listed below are examples of resources that assist in identifying the
environmental condition of a site.
A. Resources for Site Investigation
ASTM Standard Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected Petroleum Releases
E1912-98(2004) |
| See also: |
http://www.astm.org |
| Developed by ASTM, the guide describes accelerated site characterization (ASC), a process used to rapidly and accurately characterize confirmed or suspected releases of petroleum. The guide provides a framework that responsible parties, contractors, consultants, and regulators can use to streamline and accelerate site characterization. The guide is available at a cost and can be ordered online at www.astm.org. |
ASTM Standard Guide for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Process
E1903-97(2002) |
| See also: |
http://www.astm.org |
| Developed by ASTM, the guide discusses a framework for employing good commercial and customary practices in the United States during Phase II environmental site assessments of commercial property with respect to the potential presence of a range of contaminants within the scope of CERCLA as well as petroleum products. The guide, which is available at a cost, can ordered online at www.astm.org. |
| Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology Support Center |
| EPA established BTSC to ensure that brownfields decision-makers are aware of the full range of technologies available for conducting site assessments and cleanup and can make informed decisions for their sites. The center helps government decision-makers evaluate strategies to streamline the site assessment and cleanup process, identify and review information about complex technology options, evaluate contractor capabilities and recommendations, explain complex technologies to communities, and plan technology demonstrations. The center is coordinated through EPA's OSRTI and works through EPA's ORD laboratories. BTSC works closely with EPA's Office of Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment and in partnership with USACE and ANL. Localities can submit requests for assistance through their EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinator, online at www.brownfieldstsc.org, or by calling (877) 838-7220 (toll free). For more information about BTSC, contact Dan Powell of EPA's OSRTI at (703) 603-7196 or powell.dan@epa.gov. |
Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and Evaluating Proposals that Encourage Innovative Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup
EPA 542-R-01-005 |
| See also: |
http://brownfieldstsc.org/pubs02.cfm |
| BTSC prepared this primer to assist site owners, project managers, and others preparing RFPs to solicit support in conducting activities to investigate and clean up contaminated sites. It is specifically intended to assist those individuals in writing specifications that encourage contractors and technology vendors to propose options for using innovative characterization and remediation technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also provides information, from a technology perspective, to guide review teams in their evaluations of proposals and the selection of qualified contractors. |
Brownfields Technology Primer: Using the Triad Approach to Streamline Brownfields Site Assessment and Cleanup
EPA 542-B-03-002 |
| See also: |
http://www.brownfieldstsc.org |
| BTSC prepared this document to provide an educational tool for site owners, project managers, and regulators in order to help streamline assessment and cleanup activities at brownfields sites. Strategies that reduce costs, decrease time frames, and positively affect regulatory and community acceptance also can improve the economics of redevelopment at brownfields sites. Increased attention to brownfields sites and the manner in which they are redeveloped places greater importance on the approach to site cleanup. This primer is one in a series that will address specific cleanup issues. |
Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing the Brownfields Initiatives
EPA 625-R-99-001 |
| The guide is one in a series of publications designed to assist communities, states, municipalities, and the private sector to address brownfields sites more effectively. The guide, which is designed to be used with the three guides for specific types of sites Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative, Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative, and Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative provides information about cost estimating tools and resources for addressing cleanup costs at brownfields sites. Many decision-makers at brownfields sites may choose to assign the preparation of cost estimates to consultants who are experienced in the cleanup of hazardous waste sites; however, it benefits those decision-makers to be able to provide guidance to their consultants and to understand the process sufficiently well to provide an informed review of the estimates prepared. The guide provides general information about the cost estimation process and includes summaries of various types of estimates. The guide also outlines the process of developing "order of magnitude" cost estimates. Information about resources, databases, and models also is provided. |
Data Quality Objective Process for Hazardous Waste Site Investigations
EPA 600-R-00-007 |
| See also: |
http://www.cluin.org |
| The document focuses on the DQO process as the appropriate systematic planning process to support decision-making. The DQO process is an important tool for project managers and planners to use in defining the types, quality, and quantity of data needed to make defensible decisions. The document is based on the principles and steps developed in Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process but is specific to investigations of hazardous waste sites. The guidance is also consistent with Data Quality Objectives Process for Superfund: Interim Final Guidance (EPA 1993) and Soil Screening Guidance: User's Guide (EPA 1996). Although the document focuses on EPA applications, the guidance also is applicable to programs at the state and local levels. |
Directory of Technical Assistance for Land Revitalization (BTSC)
EPA 542-B-03-001 |
| BTSC prepared this directory to provide information about technical assistance that is available from federal agencies to assist regional, state, and local government personnel in making assessment and cleanup decisions for brownfields, reuse, and revitalization sites. This directory includes information about 37 organizations within 10 federal agencies that provide different types of support to help with site assessment and cleanup, including technical support and funding sources. Profiles are included for these agencies and organizations and contain the following types of information: background and location information, relevancy to revitalization, description of the areas of expertise available, discussion of the types of services available, types of funding available and eligibility, contact information and the process for requesting assistance, and examples of specific instances in which the organization has previously provided support relevant to site revitalization. Information in the profiles is believed to be current as of March 2003. To help maintain current information, the directory is available as an online database at www.brownfieldstsc.org/directory/directory.cfm. |
Engineering and Design: Requirements for the Preparation of Sampling and Analysis Plans
EM 200-1-3 |
| See also: |
http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/eng-manuals/em200-1-3/toc.htm |
| Developed by USACE, this manual provides guidance for the preparation of project-specific SAPs for the collection of environmental data. In addition, the manual presents default sampling and analytical protocols that may be used verbatim or modified based in light of the DQOs for a specific project. The goal of the manual is to promote consistency in the generation and execution of sampling and analysis plans and therefore to help investigators generate chemical data of known quality for the purpose to which those data are to be used. |
| EPA Office of Solid Waste SW-846 Online: Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes, Physical/Chemical Methods |
| Developed by EPA's OSW, the Web site provides test procedures and guidance that EPA recommends for use in conducting the evaluations and measurements needed to comply with requirements established under RCRA. The online manual presents state-of-the-art methods of routine analytical testing that have been adapted for use under the RCRA Program. All the documents found in the Third Edition of SW-846, as updated by updates I, II, IIA, IIB, III, and IIIA, are located at the Web site. It presents procedures for field and laboratory QC, sampling, identification of hazardous constituents in wastes, determination of the hazardous characteristics of wastes (toxicity, ignitability, reactivity, or corrosivity), and determination of the physical properties of wastes. It also provides guidance on selecting appropriate methods. The methods can be downloaded from the SW-846 Web site at no cost. |
| EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative Technologies (REACH IT) Online Searchable Database |
| The EPA REACH IT online searchable databases sponsored by EPA's OSRTI is a service provided free of charge to both users and technology vendors. This database provides users comprehensive, up-to-date information about more than 256 characterization technologies and 481 remediation technologies and their applications. It combines information submitted by technology service providers about remediation and characterization technologies with information from EPA, DoD, DOE, and state project managers about sites at which innovative technologies are being deployed. During the preliminary phase of a brownfields project, EPA REACH IT will assist brownfields stakeholders to learn about and become familiar with the range of available technology options that can be employed during the investigation and the cleanup phases that follow, as well as data about various types of sites. Information about analytical screening technologies that may be useful for initial sampling of a site also is provided. EPA REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet. |
| Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision Support Software (DSS) |
| Developed by DOE's Office of Environmental Management, the report evaluates DSS, computer-based systems that facilitate the use of data, models, and structured decision processes in making decisions related to environmental management. The report evaluates 19 such systems through the application of a rating system that favors software that simulates a wide range of environmental problems. It includes a glossary of terms and a statement of the rationale for the selection of various aspects of the performance of the DSS for evaluation. |
| Field Analytic Technologies Encyclopedia (FATE) |
| The online encyclopedia provides information about technologies that investigators can use in the field to characterize contaminated soil and groundwater; monitor the progress of remedial efforts; and, in some cases, perform confirmation sampling and analysis to support closeout of a site. The encyclopedia emphasizes the systematic planning component of the Triad as a necessary step to identify factors and issues that contribute to decision uncertainty. The site also provides a searchable function to enable the user to find an appropriate technology based on the contaminants at a site and the media to be treated, and provides site summaries, links to relevant resources, and training modules. The encyclopedia serves a wide range of users, from engineering students to field technicians and site managers. |
| Field Sampling and Analysis Technologies Matrix, Version 1.0 |
| The matrix, an online tool, will assist brownfields stakeholders to obtain information about and screen technologies applicable for site investigation. Each site characterization technology is rated in a number of performance categories, such as detection limits, applicable media, selectivity, and turnaround time. Other useful information provided includes technology descriptions; data on commercial status, cost, and certification; and evaluation reports. The matrix is extremely helpful to users who are not familiar with specific characterization technologies, but who know baseline information about a site, such as contaminants and media; for such users, the matrix can identify and screen technologies for potential use at a site. |
| Guideline for Dynamic Workplans and Field Analytics: The Keys to Cost-Effective Site Characterization and Cleanup |
| Developed by Tufts University in cooperation with EPA, the document provides users with information about the many factors that are to be considered in incorporating field analytical instruments and methods into an adaptive sampling and analysis program for expediting the site investigation process. The guidance is intended to assist federal and state regulators, site owners, consulting engineers, and remediation companies understand how to develop, maintain, and update a dynamic workplan. |
| Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Hazardous Waste Site Characterization and Monitoring |
| The report introduces a new standard promoted by EPA's OSWER and OSRTI that encourages more effective and less costly strategies for characterizing and monitoring hazardous waste sites. The new approach uses an integrated triad of systematic planning, dynamic work plans, and on-site analysis for data collection and technical decision-making at hazardous waste sites. Individually, none of the concepts in the Triad approach is new, but it has been demonstrated that the integrated approach completes projects faster, cheaper, and with greater regulatory and client satisfaction than the traditional phased approach. The report includes a list of additional resources regarding innovative technologies and site characterization. |
| Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study Series |
| The case studies provide cost and performance information about the innovative technologies that support less costly and more representative site characterization. The purpose of the case studies is to analyze and document the effectiveness of new technologies proposed for site cleanup. They present information about the capability of the technologies in analyzing and monitoring cleanup, as well as information about costs associated with the use of the technologies. The following case studies are available: |
| – |
Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer for Drum Surfaces (EPA 542-R-99-003) |
| – |
Geophysical Investigation at Hazardous Waste Sites (EPA 542-R-00-003) |
| – |
Hanscom Air Force Base, Operable Unit 1 (EPA 542-R-98-006) |
| – |
Site Cleanup of the Wenatchee Tree Fruit Test Plot Site Using a Dynamic Work Plan (2000) (EPA 542-R-00-009) |
| – |
Technology Evaluation: Real-time VOC Analysis Using a Field Portable GC/MS (EPA 542-R-01-011) |
Innovative Remediation and Site Characterization Technologies Resources
EPA 542-C-04-002 |
| Produced by EPA's OSRTI, this CD-ROM contains resources that provide information to help federal, state, and private sector site managers evaluate site assessment and cleanup alternatives. The ability to gain access to resources that provide information about innovative site characterization and remediation technologies will increase the understanding of those technologies and of the cost and performance factors related to them. Such understanding is essential to the consideration of those technologies for use in addressing contamination at hazardous waste sites. The information on the CD-ROM is broken down into seven categories: bulletins, fact sheets, journals, and newsletters; community involvement support; electronic resources; organizations, programs and partnerships; publication clearinghouses; publications; and regulatory resources. Several resources included on the CD-ROM also are available at the Road Map online. Copies of the CD-ROM can be ordered through the NSCEP at P.O. Box 42419, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-2419 or by calling (800) 490-9198 (toll free). |
| Managing Uncertainty in Environmental Decisions |
| This paper was published in Environmental Science and Technology, a publication of the American Chemical Society, in October 2001. The preparation of this paper was coordinated through EPA OSRTI and included input from USACE. The paper discusses the relationship between data quality concepts and improved decision-making for environmental site investigation and cleanup projects. It addresses the context and use of site investigation-related terminology, conventional data quality approaches, and the use of the Triad approach. |
Relationship Between SW-846, PBMS, and Innovative Analytical Technologies
EPA 542-R-01-015 |
| This paper, which was developed by EPA OSRTI in collaboration with EPA OSW, explains and documents EPA's position regarding testing methods (such as SW-846) used in waste programs and the relationship between regulatory flexibility regarding analytical methods and the use of on-site measurements to improve the cost-effectiveness of contaminated site cleanups. The paper also explains the advantages of a performance-based approach to analytical methods and the use of performance-based measurement systems (PBMS) within EPA programs. The Triad approach to site investigation and characterization, which is based on PBMS principles, also is briefly discussed. This paper will assist brownfields stakeholders by providing information and references that address flexibility and more affordable approaches to performing analyses at contaminated sites. |
Resources for Strategic Site Investigation and Monitoring
EPA 542-F-01-030B |
| The document is a concise guide to resources, both existing and planned, that support new, streamlined approaches to site investigation and monitoring. It describes training courses available, including some that are downloadable; lists sources of information about available technologies and guidance documents available through EPA programs; and provides sources of information about technology verification and demonstration efforts. The guide also lists a number of Web sites from which related publications and software can be downloaded. The document can be downloaded from CLU-IN under "Publications." |
| Sensor Technology Information Exchange (SenTIX) |
| SenTIX serves as a forum to exchange information about sensor technologies and needs. The purpose of the Web site is to serve as a tool to assist those working in the environmental field in cleaning up hazardous waste. The submit and search functions of SenTIX can help match users looking for a sensor technology to meet a specific need. The discussion forum also matches developers, vendors, and users. Users can provide sensor-related information online. The site was developed by (WPI), a nonprofit organization, under a cooperative agreement with EPA. |
Site Characterization Library, Version 3.0
EPA 600/C/05/001 |
| The Site Characterization Library (Library), which was created by EPA's ORD, National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL), Environmental Sciences Division (ESD) in Las Vegas, Nevada, provides a centralized, field-portable source for site characterization information. EPA has compiled this compendium in electronic form on both CD-ROM and DVD. The resources contained in the Library were recommended by experts in the field of site characterization and are classified into the following four types: Web sites, audiovisual resources, documents, and software. Version 3.0 of the Library contains over 36,000 pages of guidance in the form of pdf files, software programs, video files, and Web links. It includes 400 documents, 80 Web links, 54 software programs, and 11 audiovisual files. The audio and video files are new to Version 3.0 and contain Internet training seminars relating to site characterization and monitoring technologies and approaches. An alphabetical index of all the resources in this Library is included to enable users to locate resources by title. A section on the Triad approach provides easy access to information on this innovative site characterization methodology. A limited number of copies of Version 3.0 of the Library are available free of charge by mail from either of the following locations: EPA NSCEP, P.O. Box 42419, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-2419, telephone: (513) 489-8190 or (800) 490-9198, fax: (513) 489-8695; or EPA NERL, ERD/ORD, P.O. Box 93478, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-3478, telephone: (702) 798-2365 or (702)798-2207, e-mail: support.cmb@epa.gov. |
| Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program Demonstration Reports |
| An extensive inventory of reports of the evaluation of measurement and monitoring technologies in the SITE Program is available to assist decision-makers in reviewing technology options and assessing a technology's applicability to a particular site. The reports evaluate all information about a technology; provide an analysis of its overall applicability to site characteristics, waste types, and waste matrices; and present testing procedures, performance and cost data, and QA/QC standards. The Demonstration Bulletins provide summarized descriptions of technologies and announcements of demonstrations. The Innovative Technology Evaluation Reports provide full reports of the demonstration results, including technical data useful to decision-makers. The Emerging Technology Program Reports describe emerging innovative technologies and are developed under the terms of a cooperative agreement between the technology developer and EPA. |
| Sustainable Management Approaches and Revitalization Tools - electronic (SMARTe) |
| The SMARTe Web-based decision support tool is a cooperative effort of EPA, ITRC, and the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research. It is designed to aid stakeholders in identifying, applying, and integrating tools and technologies to facilitate revitalization of potentially contaminated sites in the United States. Currently, SMARTe contains information and databases that allow project stakeholders to assess both market and nonmarket costs and benefits of redevelopment options, clarify private and public financing options, evaluate and communicate environmental risks and opportunities, and access relevant state-specific information. By October 2007, SMARTe will use expert system technology to integrate environmental, social and economic issues in a multi-criteria decision analysis so that stakeholders can evaluate alternative reuse scenarios. |
| Triad Resource Center |
| The Triad Resource Center, a multiagency collaboration of EPA, USACE, ITRC, DOE, the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Air Force, and the State of New Jersey, is maintained by ANL. The center provides information about effective implementation of the Triad approach in decision-making during hazardous waste site characterization and remediation. It also provides an overview of the Triad principles and describes changes in regulatory functions that are required when the Triad approach is used at hazardous waste sites. Also available are descriptions of projects in which Triad principles have been successfully implemented. A reference and resource section includes general reference material, training resources, and information about upcoming conferences and workshops. |
Using Dynamic Field Activities for On-Site Decision-Making: A Guide for Project Managers
EPA 540-R-03-002 |
| This document, which was developed by EPA, provides environmental cleanup professionals with guidance on how to use an on-site decision-making process to streamline field work at contaminated sites. This guidance focuses on how project managers can use dynamic work planning and field-based analytical methods to meet project goals and streamline site activities. Also included are examples of sites where this process has been successfully implemented. |
B. Site-Specific Resources for Site Investigation
Listed below are survey reports on the application of innovative technologies
to specific contaminants and site types.
| Application of Field-Based Characterization Tools in the Waterfront Voluntary Setting |
| This report investigates the reasons voluntary action to redevelop potentially contaminated property is subject to market constraints and other pressures that differ vastly from those that affect corrective action programs. It sets forth in detail the current level of application of field-based characterization tools at 115 waterfront brownfields sites and sites being addressed under VCP programs. |
Characterization of Mine Leachates and the Development of a Ground-Water Monitoring Strategy for Mine Sites
EPA 600-R-99-007 |
| The objective of the research project was to develop a better understanding of the composition of mine waste leachates and to identify cost-effective groundwater monitoring parameters that could be incorporated into a monitoring strategy to reliably detect the migration of contaminants from hard-rock mining operations. |
Resource for MGP Site Characterization and Remediation: Expedited Site Characterization and Source Remediation at Former Manufactured Gas Plant Sites
EPA 542-R-00-005 |
| The document provides current information about useful approaches and tools being applied at former manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites to the regulators and utilities that are engaged in characterizing and remediating these sites. The document outlines site management strategies and field tools for expediting site characterization at MGP sites; presents a summary of existing technologies for remediating MGP wastes in soils; provides sufficient information about the benefits, limitations, and costs of each technology, tool, or strategy for comparison and evaluation; and provides, through case studies, examples of the ways in which those tools and strategies can be implemented at MGP sites. |
| Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments |
| The report, prepared by the National Research Council's Committee on the Remediation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments under an EPA grant, reviews the nature of the challenge involved in the management of sediments contaminated with PCBs; provides an overview of current knowledge about the inputs, fates, and effects of PCBs; recommends a risk-based framework for use in assessing remediation technologies and risk-management strategies; and elaborates on the framework as it is applicable specifically to sediments contaminated with PCBs. |
C. Technology-Specific Resources for Site Investigation
The documents listed below provide detailed information about specific
innovative technologies and the application of those processes to specific
contaminants and media in the form of engineering analyses, application
reports, technology verification and evaluation reports, and technology
reviews.
| A User's Guide to Environmental Immunochemical Analysis |
| Developed by EPA's ORD, the document facilitates transfer of immunochemical methods for the analysis of environmental contaminants to the environmental analytical chemistry laboratory. Field personnel who may have a need to employ a measurement technology at a monitoring site also may find this manual helpful. The document instructs the reader in the use and application of immunochemical methods of analysis for environmental contaminants. It includes a general troubleshooting guide, along with specific instructions for certain analytes. The guide is written in a manner that allows the user to apply the information presented to immunoassays that are not discussed in the manual. |
| Adaptive Sampling and Analysis Program (ASAP), ANL |
| Developed by the Environmental Assessment Division (EAD) of ANL, an adaptive sampling and analysis program (ASAP) is an expedited approach to collecting data in support of hazardous waste site characterization and remediation. ASAPs rely on "real-time" data collection techniques and in-field decision-making to keep data collection as inexpensive, focused, and efficient as possible. The Web site provides links to related fact sheets and identifies sites where the ASAP approach has been successfully used. |
| Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs): Review of Emerging Characterization and Remediation Technologies |
| This document, which was developed by ITRC, is an educational tool for regulators and project managers who work with DNAPL-contaminated sites. The emerging characterization technologies discussed in the document include geophysical and direct-push technologies, and in situ tracers. Emerging remediation technologies described in the document include in situ flushing, dynamic underground stripping, six-phase heating, and in situ chemical oxidation. The document also presents stakeholder concerns about application of these emerging technologies. |
| Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) |
| DoD's ESTCP Program promotes innovative, cost-effective environmental characterization and remediation technologies through their demonstration and validation at DoD sites. Successful demonstration leads to acceptance of innovative technologies by DoD end-users and the regulatory community. The Web site provides access to detailed reports about completed demonstration projects that have verified cost and performance of a technology, and fact sheets about ongoing projects where innovative technologies are being tested. Some of the areas under which these demonstrations are being conducted include chlorinated solvents, heavy metals, perchlorate, petroleum hydrocarbons and related compounds and contaminated sediments. Reports about site characterization, monitoring and process optimization are also available. The user can also use the online library to search for reports and fact sheets based on keywords. |
| Environmental Technology Verification Reports |
| Produced by EPA's ORD, the Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program reports provide extensive information about the performance of commercial-ready, private sector technologies. The reports are intended for buyers of technologies, developers of technologies, consulting engineers, and state and federal agencies. The documents verify the environmental performance characteristics of these technologies based on pilot project results. The reports as well as other information about the ETV Program are available on the ETV Web site. Approximately 100 ETV reports and verification statements about the performance of various technologies are available. Examples of these technologies include ambient ammonia sensors, mercury continuous emission monitors, arsenic test kits, rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies, laser-induced fluorescence sensors, cone penetrometer-deployed sensors, environmental DSS, explosives detection, field-portable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, field-portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer, groundwater sampling, PCB field analysis technologies, portable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, soil and soil gas sampling, wellhead monitoring for volatile organic compounds (VOC), and soil sampling technologies. |
| EPA Dynamic Field Activities Internet Site |
| Hosted by EPA's OSRTI, the Internet site provides resources to assist decision-makers to streamline activities conducted at hazardous waste sites using real-time data and real-time decisions. Descriptions of the specific elements of dynamic field activities are provided, as well as related guidance documents and publications, including links to relevant Internet sites. Information about on-site analytical tools suitable for use during dynamic field activities also is provided. |
| EPA Technical Support Project |
| EPA's OSWER, regional waste management offices, and ORD established the Technical Support Project (TSP) in 1987 to provide technical assistance to regional remedial project managers (RPM), corrective action staff, and on-scene coordinators (OSC). The TSP consists of a network of Regional Forums and specialized Technical Support Centers in ORD, Office of Radiation Programs (ORP) laboratories, and OSWER's Environmental Response Team. The three technical forums within the TSP include the Engineering Forum, the Ground Water Forum, and the Federal Facilities Forum. Members of these forums work to improve communication and assist in technical transfer between the regions and the centers. The Forums also act as technical resources and disseminate TSP information to their regional colleagues. TSP issue papers and fact sheets, which are available online, provide information on remediation technologies or technical issues of concern. Technical assistance requests may be directed to any of the Technical Support Center contacts or to the regional forum representative. Contact information can be found on the TSP Web site at www.epa.gov/tio/tsp. |
Federal Facilities Forum Issue: Field Sampling and Selecting On-Site Analytical Methods for Explosives in Water
EPA 600-S-99-002 |
| This paper was prepared by members of the Federal Facilities Forum, a group of EPA scientists and engineers representing EPA regional offices who are committed to identification and resolution of issues affecting federal facility Superfund and RCRA sites. The purpose of the paper is to provide guidance to RPMs about field sampling and on-site analytical methods for detecting and quantifying secondary explosive contaminants in water. The paper is divided into the following sections: (1) purpose and scope, (2) background information, (3) overview of sampling and analysis of explosives, (4) DQOs, (5) sampling and analysis for explosives in water, (6) a summary of on-site analytical methods and (7) summary of EPA reference analytical methods for explosives in water. |
| National Environmental Technology Test Sites |
| The National Environmental Technology Test Sites (NETTS) Program was established by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) in 1993 to facilitate the transition of environmental remediation technologies to full-scale use by overcoming the barriers that presently inhibit commercialization of such technologies. SERDP projects focus on five key areas: cleanup, compliance, conservation, pollution prevention, and UXO. The program provides sites for applied research and comparative demonstration and evaluation of innovative and potentially cost-effective cleanup, characterization, and monitoring technologies. These test sites are located at Naval Construction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme, California; Dover Air Force Base, Delaware; and McClellan Air Force Base, Sacramento, California. The NETTS locations offer unique environmental settings, media, and contaminants for field demonstrations at well-characterized test sites as well as the infrastructure and site support required for technology demonstrations. The program provides infrastructure (site preparation, access roads, test pads, offices, laboratories, analytical equipment, drill rigs, field vehicles, utilities, lighting, fencing, and security) and site support (site characterization, demonstration oversight, permitting assistance, and technology transfer assistance). Information about funding opportunities is available at www.serdp.org/funding/funding.html. |
| New England Waste Management Officials (NEWMOA) |
| NEWMOA is a nonprofit, nonpartisan interstate association that has a membership composed of the hazardous waste, solid waste, waste site cleanup, and pollution prevention program directors for the environmental agencies in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The Web site includes information on pollution prevention, solid and hazardous waste management, waste site cleanup, and brownfields. NEWMOA's waste site cleanup program focuses on issues of interest to state programs that have responsibility for investigation and remediation of contaminated sites. The waste site cleanup program is working on issues surrounding the redevelopment and reuse of contaminated property and the use of innovative site characterization and remediation technologies. The waste site cleanup program area of the Web site contains NEWMOA waste site cleanup technology advisory opinions, conference presentations and surveys, research briefs, workgroup information, and links to other sites. This resource assists states in developing effective strategies for improving the effectiveness of voluntary site cleanups and the redevelopment of brownfields sites and increases understanding of methods to meet the state program requirements of the new brownfields legislation. |
| Remedial Technology Development Forum (RTDF) |
| RTDF, which was established in 1992, is a public-private partnership that undertakes research, development, demonstration, and evaluation efforts focused on finding innovative technologies to remediate and to characterize contaminated sites. RTDF includes partners from industry, several federal and state government agencies, and academia who voluntarily share their knowledge, experience, equipment, facilities, and even proprietary technology to achieve common cleanup goals. The RTDF includes eight action teams: Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Consortium, In-Place Inactivation and Natural Ecological Restoration Technologies (IINERT) Soil Metals Action Team, NAPL Cleanup Alliance, Phytoremediation of Organics Action Team, Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB) Action Team, Sediments Remediation Action Team, Lasagna Partnership (inactive), and In Situ Flushing Action Team (inactive). RTDF provides updated information on the technologies addressed by these teams and other innovative approaches to site characterization and treatment. |
Site Characterization Technologies for DNAPL Investigations
EPA 542-R-04-017 |
| Compiled by EPA's OSRTI, this resource provides a summary of information about the current state of technologies available for locating and characterizing DNAPL contaminated sites. This report may be used by remediation site managers to identify suitable characterization technologies for potential or confirmed DNAPL contamination, screen the technologies for potential application, learn about technology applications at similar sites, and locate additional information on these technologies. The report describes both geophysical and non-geophysical characterization technologies as well as characterization technologies under evaluation. |
| Tri-Service Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System-SCAPS: Innovative Environmental Technology from Concept to Commercialization |
| The report, which was published by the U.S. Army Environmental Center, summarizes the development, field demonstration, and regulatory acceptance activities associated with the SCAPS technologies that are used to detect, identify, and quantify subsurface contamination in soil and groundwater. |
| U.S. Department of Defense: Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) |
| SERDP is an environmental research and development program planned and executed and in full partnership with DOE and EPA with the participation of numerous other federal and nonfederal organizations. Within its broad areas of interest, the program focuses on cleanup, compliance, conservation, pollution prevention, and UXO technologies. SERDP provides demonstration opportunities through the NETTS Program and encourages technology transfer through an annual technical symposium and workshop. SERDP funds environmental research and development by both government and private sector parties. Additional information about SERDP funding may be obtained at www.serdp.org/funding/funding.html. Users can access detailed performance and cost information for completed demonstrations at the SERDP Web site. Users may also subscribe to a mailing list for quarterly SERDP updates. |
| Where Do We Go from Here? |
|
After you have completed your investigation of the environmental conditions
at the site, you may take one of the following courses of action:
| Result
of the Site Investigation |
|
Course
of Action |
| No
contamination is found. |
 |
Consult with appropriate regulatory officials before proceeding with
redevelopment activities. |
| Contamination
is found BUT does not pose a significant risk to stakeholders’ human
health or the environment. |
|
Consult
with appropriate regulatory officials before proceeding with redevelopment
activities. |
| Cleanup
of the contamination found probably will require a small expenditure
of funds and time. |
|
Proceed
to the Cleanup Options phase. |
| Cleanup
of the contamination found probably will require a significant expenditure
of funds and time. However, contamination does not pose a significant
threat to local residents. |
|
Determine
whether redevelopment continues to be practicable as planned, or whether
the redevelopment plan can be altered to fit the circumstances; if
so, proceed to the Cleanup Options
phase. |
| Contamination
is found that poses a significant threat to local residents. |
|
Contact
the appropriate federal, state, local, or tribal government agencies
responsible for hazardous waste. If contamination exists at considerable
levels, compliance with other programs, such as RCRA
and Superfund, may be
required. |
|
